Laboratory testing for chemicals

Measurement of biogenic or biobased carbon in a material or product as a percentage of total carbon or total organic carbon. ASTM D6866 outlines two ways of expressing the proportion of material that originates from renewable resources. Biogenic carbon content indicates the proportion of total carbon (TC) originating from renewable resources. Alternatively, inorganic carbon can be removed before testing, and the result is then expressed in relation to total organic carbon (TOC), giving the biobased carbon content. An additional cost applies to the removal of inorganic carbon. Note! The results obtained for gaseous emissions should always be expressed as "biogenic carbon content" because the initial step of converting carbon to gaseous CO2 cannot be done when the carbon is already in gaseous form. The displayed price range applies to non-hazardous, non-volatile samples. If your sample is volatile or classified as Dangerous Goods, please discuss the suitability of your sample type with our experts. Please also note that we cannot accept samples that contain artificial carbon-12, carbon-13, or carbon-14 isotopes because they will cause damage to the equipment. ASTM D6866 tests do not directly reveal how much of the sample's total weight originates from renewable sources. This can be estimated, however, by combining data on biobased carbon content with information on the total carbon content of the product. One common application of this measurement is determining the biomass fraction of CO2 emissions for the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS), as required by the Monitoring and Reporting Regulation (MRR). For this purpose, testing is relevant to municipal waste incineration plants and industrial plants that use mixed fuels.

Phase identification and quantification (Rietveld analysis) of a crystalline powder material using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The analysis can also provide unit cell dimensions. The analysis is only suitable for materials with at least one crystalline phase. The quantification accuracy is roughly 0.1 %, depending on the sample matrix and the phase in question. The available temperature range for XRD measurements is 25-1100 °C and the crystallinity can be studied as a function of temperatures. The measurements can be done under a normal atmosphere, inert gas, or vacuum. Please contact our experts to discuss the available temperature and atmosphere combinations. Please mention which crystalline phases your material contains and which ones are you interested in quantifying when requesting testing. However, the method can be applied to unknown phases as well. Either a tabletop or a synchrotron XRD can be used to perform the measurements.

XRF is a quantitative and qualitative method that can be used to analyze solid and liquid materials. This method is intended for a standard screening of homogeneous materials that do not require special sample preparation, precautions, or have any other special requirements. Wavelength-dispersive XRF (WDXRF) is used to perform the measurements unless energy-dispersive XRF (EDXRF) is specifically requested.

Determination of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen content of an organic sample. CHNS analysis (”LECO analysis”) is performed using a flash combustion method, where the sample is combusted under 25 kPa of O2 at an elevated temperature (1,000 °C), followed by gas chromatography separation and detection using a thermal conductivity detector. Oxygen is analyzed by reduction on granulated carbon at 1480 °C, utilizing high-temperature thermal decomposition and conversion of oxygen into carbon monoxide before gas chromatography separation and detection with a thermal conductivity detector. The sample can be either solid or liquid, but water in the sample affects the results. In the case of aqueous samples, it is possible to dry the sample before analysis. The displayed price includes the full CHNOS package with two parallel measurements and applies to conventional organic samples. The results are reported as wt-% of the initial sample. The addition of ash, drying, and dry loss measurements will increase the minimum required sample material to 300 mg. The analysis gives the total carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen content of the material, but it does not identify any chemical structures. The measurement can be combined with other methods, such as GC-MS, 1H, and 13C NMR, to perform substance structure identification. Analysis can be split into the following packages: CHN, O, and S.

Qualitative identification of chemical groups in solid samples by Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Results will be delivered as an FTIR spectrum. In addition, a comparison to an FTIR library will be provided. The method is not quantitative, but it can be used to identify the main chemical components of the sample.

Time-of-Flight Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ToF-ERDA) measurement for determining the elemental concentrations of thin films. ToF-ERDA is capable of identifying all elements, including various hydrogen isotopes. It provides elemental depth profiles by determining the concentration of each element at different depths within a sample. Typically, the method achieves detection limits ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 atomic percent and depth resolution between 5 and 20 nm. It is suitable for analyzing films with thicknesses between 20 and 500 nm. For accurate measurements, the sample surface should be smooth, with a roughness of less than 10 nm. The method is inherently quantitative when analyzing thin films on typical substrates, such as silicon (Si), gallium nitride (GaN), silicon carbide (SiC), gallium arsenide (GaAs), or indium phosphide (InP). So, reference samples are not needed to obtain quantitative results. The technique is particularly useful when analyzing light elements due to its good detection limits. In addition to typical ToF-ERDA measurements, we also offer LI-ERDA (also referred to as Foil ERDA) for more precise determination of hydrogen isotopes. The detection limits with LI-ERDA are typically around 0.01 atomic percent, and depth resolutions of ~1nm can be achieved. LI-ERDA only allows detection of hydrogen isotopes. To see how the results are reported, see this example report: ToF-ERDA measurement.

We offer several accredited methods for determining the total fluorine (TF) content of combustible materials: EN 14582, based on combustion ion chromatography (CIC). The method is recommended by the Nordic Council of Ministers as a quick and powerful total fluorine screening technique., EN 15408 using oxygen bomb combustion treatment followed by ion chromatography (IC). This method can be applied to plastic sheets and granules, and it is also possible to determine the total content of S, Cl, and Br., ASTM D7359-23, based on oxidative pyrohydrolytic combustion, followed by CIC.. The most suitable method is typically selected based on the sample matrix. However, please let us know if you wish a specific standard to be followed. Sample preparation (air drying and milling of the sample to particles <1 mm) is included in the displayed price. This analysis is commonly used to evaluate packaging materials' compliance with the PFAS restriction outlined in the new EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR). If TF content does not exceed 50 mg/kg (ppm), the material can be considered compliant without further testing.

Imaging of the sample using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Typically, several images are taken with varying magnifications to get a good overview of the sample. Non-conductive samples can be prepared with a metallic coating to allow imaging. For cross-section measurement, additional preparation might be needed: FIB, BIB, or freeze fracturing. Cryo preparation is available for biological materials and other sensitive sample types. If compositional analysis is also needed, please see the SEM-EDX measurement. We also offer high-temperature SEM analyses at temperatures up to 1400 °C. Do not hesitate to ask for a quote.

High-resolution imaging with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) for capturing morphology, crystal structure, and defects at nanometer resolution. Typically, several images with varying magnifications are taken to get a good overview of the sample. We also provide FIB preparation to analyze the cross-section of any specific site of interest, including microelectronic stacks and loose powders. HR-TEM for atomic-level resolution, STEM for high-contrast images, and cryo-TEM for sensitive samples are also possible. For complementary compositional analysis along with the structural data, TEM-EDX and TEM-EELS elemental analyses are available. Contact us for more details.

1H NMR spectroscopic measurement for samples that can be readily dissolved in deuterated solvents. The price includes sample preparation, deuterated solvent (D₂O, DMSO-d, or CDCl₃), NMR tube, measurement, and basic data processing. The processed spectrum is delivered as an image file. Additional information and raw data can be provided upon request. Please contact Measurlabs' experts if your samples require the use of other than above mentioned deuterated solvent or special measurement conditions, such as very high temperatures or long measurement times.

Imaging of the sample with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and determination of the elemental composition of the sample using electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX or EDS). Several images with varying magnifications are taken to get a good overview of the sample. An EDX mapping, line scan, or point measurement is collected to measure the sample composition (elemental at.% or wt.%). For solid samples, the analysis often requires FIB preparation, which is priced separately. HR-TEM can also be provided. Contact us for more details about the analysis options.

The substances of very high concern (SVHC) analysis provides comprehensive material screening for SVHC substances as listed in the Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemical Substances (REACH). The substance list for analysis is updated regularly as new revisions are received from ECHA (twice per year). The maximum allowed concentration of any substance on the SVCH list is 0.1 mass-%. If the product contains more than 0.1% w/w of an SVHC substance, ECHA has to be notified and information on the safe use of the article must be provided to customers upon request. Contact us to request a quote for screening your material for SVHCs. The price of the analysis depends on the sample type.

N2 adsorption analysis to determine specific surface area, pore size, and total pore volume of solid materials. Specific surface areas (BET and Langmuir) and pore sizes (BJH and DFT) can be analyzed with this method. The required sample amount depends on the expected surface area. As a rule of thumb, at least 5 m2 of surface area should be available for measurement. Mesopores between 1.7 nm to 300 nm and micropores between 0.5 nm - 2nm can be analyzed. The following gas adsorption devices are used for this measurement: Micromeritics Gemini VII 2390, Micromeritics ASAP 2020, Micromeritics TriStar II 3020, Anton Paar Nova 800.

Analysis of the specific surface area of porous, solid materials according to the BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) theory. Analysis can be performed with N2 or Kr gases, depending on the expected surface area of the material. BET curve and the specific surface area (in m2/g) are reported. The required sample amount depends on the expected surface area. As a rule of thumb, at least 5 m2 of surface area should be available for measurement. The following gas adsorption devices are used for this measurement: Micromeritics Gemini VII 2390, Micromeritics ASAP 2020, Micromeritics TriStar II 3020, Anton Paar Nova 800.

Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy measurement for samples that can be dissolved in deuterated solvents. The analysis method is typically used to identify the structures of organic substances and the present functionalities. The price includes sample preparation, deuterated solvent (D₂O, DMSO-d, or CDCl₃), NMR tube, measurement, and basic data processing. The results are delivered as an image file containing the NMR spectrum. Additional information and raw data can be provided upon request. Please let us know if your samples require the use of other than the above-mentioned deuterated solvents or atypical measurement conditions, such as very high temperatures and/or long measurement times.

In XPS depth profiling, ion gun etching cycles and XPS analysis cycles are alternated to obtain semi-quantitative information on the elemental composition (at.%) of the sample as a function of depth. The binding states of atoms can also be analyzed as a function of depth to determine the chemistry of the sample and its variations with depth. XPS depth profiling is a destructive technique with an analysis area diameter ranging from 10 µm to several 100 µm. Sputtering is done with an Ar-cluster GCIB ion beam or Ar monoatomic ions, and XPS measurements are typically performed using one of the following instruments: PHI Genesis, Thermo Fisher ESCALAB 250Xi, PHI Quantum 2000.

This analysis provides quantitative information about the crystalline and amorphous phases within your sample using high-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). A standard analysis includes: Quantification of crystalline phases as weight percentages, Quantification of the total amorphous content, High-resolution powder diffraction data and the resulting diffractogram, A comprehensive test report detailing the findings. For more advanced needs, we also offer total scattering/pair distribution function (PDF) analysis to reveal the local atomic structure in amorphous or nano-structured materials. Do not hesitate to ask for a quote.

Determination of the amount of volatile organic compounds (VOC) released by solid or liquid samples. Suitable sample matrices include, for example, black mass of recycled batteries, polymer samples, and liquid and solid chemicals. The measurement is performed by placing the investigated sample in a chamber, through which nitrogen is flushed. The nitrogen is led through an absorption cartridge, which traps the VOC compounds. Upon completion of the gas collection, the trapped VOCs are analyzed with thermal desorption-gas chromatography (TD-GC). The measurement can either be performed at ambient temperature, or the sampling chamber can be heated up to 120 °C.

XPS is a semi-quantitative technique used to measure the elemental composition of material surfaces. In addition, it can also determine the binding state of the atoms. XPS is a surface-sensitive technique. Typical probing depth is 3-9 nm, and detection limits range roughly between 0.1 and 1 atomic %. XPS can measure elements from Li to U. The elemental composition is reported in at.% and measured on 1 area of a few 100 µm. Upon request, we can measure smaller areas or depth profiles, and a binding state determination can also be provided. Measurements are typically performed using one of the following instruments: PHI Genesis, Thermo Fisher ESCALAB 250Xi, PHI Quantum 2000. Synchrotron XPS is also available. Contact us for more information and a quote for your project.

This metal screening analysis includes the semi-quantitative determination of 70 elements. The method can be used, for example, to determine the background concentrations of metals in environmental samples or to study the elemental distribution of unknown samples. Screening is also often performed to assess which metals should be analyzed by a quantitative method. The measurement is performed using a high-resolution ICP-MS technique (ICP-SFMS), which can identify very low elemental concentrations. A semi-quantitative determination of the following elements is included: Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, I, Ir, K, La, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, Os, P, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rb, Re, Rh, Ru, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn and Zr. However, please note that some elements may not be determinable due to matrix interference. During this semi-quantitative analysis, the instrument is calibrated for about 30 elements. The rest of the analytes are quantified using sensitivity factors for calibrated elements with similar mass and first ionization potential, considering isotope abundances. Quantitative analysis is also available at an additional price. During this analysis, all elements are calibrated (excluding halogens and Os). Please ask for an offer for this service.

Nondestructive 3D analysis of internal structures by X-ray computed tomography. The method visualizes voids, cracks, density, and phase differences within solid structures. The analysis is suitable for powdered materials, such as pharmaceutical and cosmetic ingredients, as well as bulk solids and parts, such as machine parts and wafers. The voxel size can go down to 60 nm. Please contact us for more information about the analysis options for different materials and material dimensions. Some devices available for the analysis are as follows: Bruker SkyScan 1272 CMOS, Bruker SkyScan 2214 CMOS, Zeiss Xradia 515 Versa.

Determination of bromide, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, and sulfate (Br-, F-, Cl-, NO2-, NO3- ja SO42-) in soil, sludge, and sediment samples with ion chromatography. The analysis is carried out after a water extraction. Ask about the price for other solid matrices and aqueous matrices. Please store the samples in refrigerated conditions and in gas-sealed containers.

Chemical components of a solid sample material are identified using Raman spectroscopy. The analysis is suitable for inorganic and organic samples, excluding metals and alloys.

Determination of the concentrations of Co, Si, P, S, B, and Na in solid chemicals. This method is meant for chemicals like Co(NO3)2. The results include the concentration of the main component (Co) and the concentrations of selected impurities.

GC-MS analysis of 16 PAH compounds, which are listed as high-priority pollutants by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The analyzed PAH compounds are: naphthalene [CAS: 91-20-3], acenaphthylene [CAS: 208-96-8], acenaphthene [CAS: 83-32-9], fluorene [CAS: 86-73-7], phenanthrene [CAS: 85-01-8], anthracene [CAS: 120-12-7], fluoranthene [CAS: 206-44-0], pyrene [CAS: 129-00-0], benz(a)anthracene [CAS: 56-55-3], chrysene [CAS: 218-01-9], benzo(b)fluoranthene [CAS: 205-99-2], benzo(k)fluoranthene [CAS: 207-08-9], benzo (a) pyrene [CAS: 50-32-8], dibenzo(ah)anthracene [CAS: 53-70-3], benzo (ghi) perylene [CAS: 191-24-2], indeno (123cd) pyrene [CAS: 193-39-5].

The bacterial reverse mutation (AMES) test is used to evaluate the genotoxic effect of a medical device or its extract when in contact with a bacterial suspension. The test is conducted according to OECD 471 and ISO 10993-3 by exposing a bacterial suspension of Salmonella spp and Escherichia coli to 5 concentrations of the medical device or its pure extracts. The AMES test is a preliminary "screening test" for genotoxicity. A full genotoxicity evaluation usually includes testing the device with two in vitro methods, of which AMES is typically performed first. An additional in vivo method can be used if needed. Measurlabs can support you with the full genotoxicity evaluation. Please contact our experts for a quote.

High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis to determine the exact molecular masses of various compounds, ranging from small organic molecules to large biological macromolecules. High accuracy makes HRMS ideal for the identification of molecular structures. Sample requirements: Information regarding the solubility of the sample in common high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) solvents (e.g., H2O, methanol, acetonitrile) or other solvents should be provided., 0.1% formic acid is used as an additive in the test. It is essential to confirm the sample's stability in this acid., Providing the expected molecular weight of the analyte(s) and molecular structure of the sample as a ChemDraw file is beneficial.. Measurement details: Scans can be performed in both positive (+ve) and negative (-ve) ion modes., An ACQUITY RDa Detector is utilized for detection..

Qualitative or comparative analysis of crystalline powders using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The analysis is only suitable for materials with at least one crystalline phase.

The measurement provides the content of different xanthates using a 1H NMR measurement. In the analysis, appropriate reference is used to quantify the results. Different degradation products can be analyzed simultaneously. Please get in touch with Measurlabs experts to get more details.

2D NMR spectroscopy provides more information about the structure of a molecule than one-dimensional NMR and is especially useful in the analysis of larger and more complicated molecules. Some of the most common 2D NMR experiments include COSY, TOCSY, ROESY, NOESY, HMBC, and HSQC. The price includes sample preparation, deuterated solvent (D₂O, DMSO-d, or CDCl₃), NMR tube, measurement, and basic data processing. The processed NMR spectrum is delivered as an image file. Additional information and raw data can be provided upon request. Please inform our experts if your samples require the use of other than the above-mentioned deuterated solvents or atypical measurement conditions, such as very high temperatures or long measurement times. Prices vary with the chosen experiment; the presented price is the starting price.

The ICP-MS technique provides information on the concentrations of metals in a sample. This analysis package for solvents includes the following elements: Element Detection limit (mg/kg) Hf 0.0001 Hg 0.0001 Pb 0.0001 U 0.0001 Ga 0.0005 In 0.0005 Rb 0.0005 Ag 0.001 Cd 0.001 Co 0.001 Cs 0.001 Mn 0.001 Mo 0.001 Nb 0.001 Sb 0.001 Sn 0.001 Ti 0.001 Tl 0.001 Te 0.005 V 0.005 As 0.01 B 0.01 Ba 0.01 Be 0.01 Bi 0.01 Cr 0.01 Cu 0.01 Fe 0.01 Li 0.01 Ni 0.01 Se 0.01 Sr 0.01 Zr 0.01 Zn 0.05 Al 0.1 Mg 0.1 P 0.5 Si 0.5 Ca 1 K 1 Na 1 The concentrations are reported in mg/kg or µg/L for each measured element. Please send the safety data sheet (SDS) together with the samples.

Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) analysis to determine the identity of an unknown polymer sample. During the measurement, the sample is instantaneously heated in an inert atmosphere or vacuum. This causes the sample to decompose into smaller molecular fragments, which are then analyzed with GC-MS. Different types of polymers can be identified by their unique decomposition products. This includes, but is not limited to: PE, PP, PS, ABS, PMMA, PET, PC, PVC, polyamides, natural & synthetic rubbers, and more. The price includes the basic preparation and qualitative analysis of the sample. More extensive sample preparation and quantitative analyses are subject to additional costs.

The following analyses are included in this nanoparticle analysis package, intended to characterize nanoforms according to the REACH Regulation. Particle size distribution and aspect ratios by SEM-EDX Preparation with isopropanol, Sample dispersion on a slide, with centrifugation, SEM analysis and particle count by image analysis, Nanoparticle detection and classification according to the 2022 EC recommendation on the definition of nanomaterial, Reporting of PSD parameters for ~300 particles, including the following: PSD diagram, accumulated and individual., Feret min (min, d10, d25, d50, d75, d90, d95, max), Feret max (min, d10, d25, d50, d75, d90, d95, max), Equivalent circular diameter (min, d10, d25, d50, d75, d90, d95, max), Aspect ratio (calculated based on individual Feret min and Feret max measurements), Number based nano-fraction (%).. Crystal phase analysis by XRD/Rietveld method Sample preparation: drying, grinding, X-ray preparation, XRD analysis over an angular range extending from 10° to 90°, Identification of the crystalline phases present in the sample, Semi-quantitative analysis of phase distribution, using the Rietveld method, Interpretation of diffractograms. Chemical composition/purity by ICP-AES and CHNS analysis ICP-AES quantification of inorganic and metallic elements: Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Se, Sb, Si, Sn, Sr, V, Zn, Ti, and Tl, Determination of C, H, N, and S with an elemental analyzer. Volume-specific surface area (VSSA) and VSSA diameter calculations (optional) BET specific surface area measurement of powder by nitrogen adsorption, True (skeletal) density measurement by He pycnometry, excluding intergranular and intragranular porosity, Both analyses include sample preparation. You can request a quote for the analysis using the form below. Please note that the OECD 125 guideline does not apply to this analysis.

Determination of perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS) in various types of chemical samples using the LC-MS technique. We offer several analysis packages that contain selected PFAS compounds. For example, the following package can be used for most chemical samples: Abbreviation Compound CAS number PFBA perfluorobutanoic acid 375-22-4 PFPeA perfluoropentanoic acid 2706-90-3 PFHxA perfluorohexanoic acid 307-24-4 PFHpA perfluoroheptanoic acid 375-85-9 PFOA perfluorooctanoic acid 335-67-1 PFNA perfluorononanoic acid 375-95-1 PFDA perfluorodecanoic acid 335-76-2 PFUnA; PFUdA perfluoroundecanoic acid 2058-94-8 PFDoA perfluorododecanoic acid 307-55-1 PFTrDA; PFTriA perfluorotridecanoic acid 72629-94-8 PFTeA perfluorotetradecanoic acid 376-06-7 PFHxDA perfluorohexadecanoic acid 67905-19-5 PFODA perfluorooctadecanoic acid 16517-11-6 PFBS perfluorobutanesulfonic acid 375-73-5 PFPeS perfluoropentanesulfonic acid 2706-91-4 PFHxS perfluorohexanesulfonic acid 355-46-4 PFHpS perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid 375-92-8 PFOS perfluorooctanesulfonic acid 1763-23-1 PFNS Perfluorononanesulfonic acid 68259-12-1 PFDS perfluorodecanesulfonic acid 335-77-3 PFUnDS perfluoroundecanesulfonic acid 749786-16-1 PFDoS perfluorododecanesulfonic acid 79780-39-5 HFPO-DA (Gen X) 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoic acid 13252-13-6 HFPO-TA perfluoro-2,5-dimethyl-3,6-dioxanonanoic acid 13252-14-7 DONA; ADONA 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid 919005-14-4 PFMOPrA perfluoro-3-methoxypropanoic acid 377-73-1 NFDHA perfluoro-3,6-dioxaheptanoic acid 151772-58-6 PFMOBA perfluoro-4-methoxybutanoic acid 863090-89-5 PFecHS cyclohexanesulfonic acid, 1,2,2,3,3,4,5,5,6,6-decafluoro-4-(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)-, potassium salt (1:1) 335-24-0 3:3 FTCA 2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluorohexanoic acid 356-02-5 5:3 FTCA 2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluorooctanoic acid 914637-49-3 7:3 FTCA 2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluorodecanoic acid 812-70-4 PFEESA perfluoro(2-ethoxyethane)sulfonic acid 113507-82-7 6:2 Cl-PFESA; 9Cl-PF3ONS 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonic acid 756426-58-1 8:2 Cl-PFESA; 11Cl-PF3OUdS 11-chloroeicosafluoro-3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonic acid 763051-92-9 4:2 FTSA; 4:2 FTS 4:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid 757124-72-4 6:2 FTSA; 6:2 FTS 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid 27619-97-2 8:2 FTSA; 8:2 FTS 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid 39108-34-4 FBSA perfluorobutane sulfonamide 30334-69-1 FHxSA perfluorohexanesulfonamide 41997-13-1 FOSA perfluorooctanesulfonamide 754-91-6 MeFOSA; N-MeFOSA n-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamide 31506-32-8 EtFOSA; N-EtFOSA n-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamide 4151-50-2 MeFOSE n-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoethanol 24448-09-7 EtFOSE n-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoethanol 1691-99-2 NMeFOSAA; MeFOSAA n-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid 2355-31-9 NEtFOSAA; EtFOSAA n-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid 2991-50-6 FOSAA perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid 2806-24-8 10:2 FTS 10:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid 108026-35-3 Target compounds and reporting limits can vary depending on the sample matrix. Typical limits of reporting vary from 1 to 50 ng/L for liquid samples and 1 to 100 μg/kg for solid samples. Contact us with a description of your samples and analysis goals, so that we can confirm method suitability and prepare a quotation.

Determination of biobased carbon content by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) or liquid scintillation counting (LSC) according to EN 16640, a horizontal European standard applicable to any product containing carbon — including paints, adhesives, solvents, detergents, composites, and raw materials. Results are reported as biobased carbon content (%) relative to total carbon (TC) of the sample. EN 16640 is the default standard for substantiating biobased carbon content claims for non-plastic products intended for the EU market. It was developed by CEN/TC 411 as part of a suite of horizontal standards for biobased products, and is technically almost identical to ISO 16620-2, although the latter applies specifically to plastic products and additives. Any other differences between the two reflect editorial conventions of the respective standardization bodies rather than methodological differences.  Both standards are also technically similar to ASTM D6866, which follows the same radiocarbon principle. The displayed price applies to non-volatile samples. If your sample is volatile, please discuss the suitability of your sample type with our experts. Samples containing artificially enriched carbon isotopes (¹²C, ¹³C, or ¹⁴C) cannot be analyzed, as these will damage the instrument.

Gas chromatographic hydrocarbon composition analysis according to ASTM D8519 for one-phase waste plastic pyrolysis oils to quantify the main hydrocarbon class distribution in the sample. Results are reported as tabulated mass-% values together with the relevant chromatograms.  The following groups are included in the analysis: Total aromatics (1–50 m%), Monoaromatics (1–50 m%), Diaromatics (1–15 m%), Tri-plus aromatics (0.5–5 m%), PAH (0.5–15 m%), Saturates (5–99 m%), Olefins (1–80 m%), Conjugated diolefins (0.2–5 m%), Styrenes (0.2–5 m%). The sample must have low halogen, sulfur, and oxygen content, and it must be particulate-free or easily filterable. The maximum boiling point is 545 °C, and this will be confirmed before analysis by simulated distillation (SimDist, ASTM D7169), which is included to the ASTM D8519 service. The displayed price applies to small sample sets, while large batches and recurring orders are eligible for discounts. Please request a quote from our testing experts.

Determination of hydroxyl group (-OH) content in lignin samples by 31P NMR. The method is suitable for lignin that has or might have free hydroxyl groups. The lignin is dissolved in a deuterated solvent (typically CDCl3:Pyridine), and an internal standard is added to the sample. Then, the hydroxyl groups in the sample + internal standard are phosphorylated, and the mixture is analyzed using 31P NMR. The number of free hydroxyl groups can be determined from the NMR spectra by comparing the phosphorus signal of the internal standard to the phosphorus signals of the phosphorylated sample material. The following OH-groups can be quantified (in mmol/g): Aliphatic OH, Phenolic OH, Carboxylic acid , Syringyl OH, Guaiacyl OH, Catechols, p-hydroxyphenyl OH, Total OH. The price can depend on whether your samples require specialized deuterated solvents or preparation conditions (i.e., high temperature or long dissolution time).

Chromatographic analysis of 16 PAH compounds, listed as high-priority pollutants by US EPA. The analyzed PAH compounds are: Naphthalene (CAS: 91-20-3), Acenaphthylene (CAS: 208-96-8), Acenaphthene (CAS: 83-32-9), Fluorene (CAS: 86-73-7), Phenanthrene (CAS: 85-01-8), Anthracene (CAS: 120-12-7), Fluoranthene (CAS: 206-44-0), Pyrene (CAS: 129-00-0), Benzo[a]anthracene (CAS: 56-55-3), Chrysene (CAS: 218-01-9), Benzo[b]fluoranthene (CAS: 205-99-2), Benzo[k]fluoranthene (CAS: 207-08-9), Benzo[a]pyrene (CAS: 50-32-8), Benzo[ghi]perylene (CAS: 191-24-2), Indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene (CAS: 193-39-5), Dibenz[a,h]anthracene (CAS: 53-70-3). The test is accredited for water samples. Please confirm suitability for other liquids from our method expert.

With this analysis, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in a biogas sample can be quantified. Typically, the boiling range of the detected VOCs is 60-280 °C, but lighter hydrocarbons are also quantified and identified. The analysis employs a GC-MS method (typically TD-GC-MS) and utilizes external standard materials and mass-spectrum libraries to identify and quantify the compounds. The analysis results will be reported in the V-% unit. Price includes the quantification (in toluene equivalents) and identification of the 30 major peaks from the chromatogram (substances up to 280 °C boiling point). Samples must be delivered in gas sampling bags (2 liters in volume), and the safety data sheet (SDS) must be provided with the samples.

Determination of selected volatile organic compounds (VOC) in water using the GC-MS and GC-FID techniques. Analysis can be conducted according to the following standard methods: EPA 624, EPA 5021A, EPA 8260, EPA 8015, EN ISO 10301, ISO 11423-1, and EN ISO 15680 The results of the analysis are reported in µg/L. Analysis includes the following analytes: Analyte: Reporting limits: chloromethane 1 µg/l bromomethane 1 µg/l dichloromethane 0.1 µg/l dibromimetaani 1 µg/l bromochloromethane 2 µg/l trichloromethane (chloroform) 0.1 µg/l tribromomethane (bromoform) 0.2 µg/l bromodichloromethane 0.1 µg/l dibromochloromethane 0.1 µg/l sum 4 trihalometanit 0.5 µg/l tetrachloromethane 0.1 µg/l trichlorofluoromethane 1 µg/l dichlorodifluoromethane 1 µg/l monochloroethane 1 µg/l 1,1-dichloroethane 0.1 µg/l 1,2-dichloroethane 0.1 µg/l 1,2-dibromietaani 0.5 µg/l 1,1,1-trichloroethane 0.1 µg/l 1,1,2-trichloroethane 0.1 µg/l 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane 0.1 µg/l 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 1 µg/l vinyl chloride 0.1 µg/l 1,1-dichloroethene 0.1 µg/l cis-1,2-dichloroethene 0.1 µg/l trans-1,2-dichloroethene 0.1 µg/l amount of 1,2-dichloroethene 0.2 µg/l trichloroethylene 0.1 µg/l sum of 11 chlorinated hydrocarbons 1.1 µg/l tetrachloroethene 0.1 µg/l Sum of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene 0.2 µg/l sum 5 chlorinated ethylenes 0.5 µg/l 1,2-dichloropropane 1 µg/l 1,3-dichloropropane 1 µg/l 2,2-dichloropropane 1 µg/l 1,2,3-trichloropropane 1 µg/l 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane 1 µg/l 1,1-dichloro-1-propene 1 µg/l cis-1,3-dichloro-1-propene 1 µg/l trans-1,3-dichloropropene 1 µg/l hexachlorobutadiene 1 µg/l 2-chlorotoluene 1 µg/l 4-chlorotoluene 1 µg/l monochlorobenzene 0.1 µg/l bromobenzene 1 µg/l 1,2-dichlorobenzene 0.1 µg/l 1,3-dichlorobenzene 0.1 µg/l 1,4-dichlorobenzene 0.1 µg/l amount of 3 dichlorobenzene 0.3 µg/l 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene 0.1 µg/l 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene 0.1 µg/l 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene 0.1 µg/l amount of 3 trichlorobenzene 0.4 µg/l benzene 0.1 µg/l toluene 0.5 µg/l ethylbenzene 0.1 µg/l o-xylene 0.1 µg/l m/p-xylene 0.2 µg/l sum of xylenes 0.3 µg/l sum of BTEX 1 µg/l styrene 0.2 µg/l isopropylbenzene 1 µg/l n-propylbenzene 1 µg/l 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 1 µg/l 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 1 µg/l n-butylbenzene 1 µg/l sec-butylbenzene 1 µg/l tert-butylbenzene 1 µg/l p-isopropyltoluene 1 µg/l naphthalene 1 µg/l Diisopropyl ether (DIPE) 0.6 µg/l ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) 0.2 µg/l MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) 0.2 µg/l tert-amyl ethyl ether (TAEE) 0.2 µg/l TAME 0.2 µg/l tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) 5 µg/l ethanol 100 µg/l A customized offer can also be prepared if you are interested in analyzing only individual compounds from a sample. Suitable sample containers for analysis can be ordered through us. Sample containers picked up from Measurlabs are included in the price of the analysis, but sample containers can also be shipped to the customer for a separate fee.

Magnetometry provides information on the magnetic properties of the sample material as a function of the magnetic field. A vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), also referred to as a Foner magnetometer, is used in the measurement. According to Faraday’s Law of Induction, a changing magnetic field will produce an electric field, which can be measured to obtain information about the magnetic field. Magnetometry is suitable for thin films, bulk materials, liquids, and powders. Some of the properties that VSM can measure include magnetic moment, coercivity, and hysteresis loops. Low-temperature VSM can also be used to confirm the Meissner effect in superconducting thin films, including those developed for quantum computing applications. Projects are priced on a case-by-case basis, with lower per-sample prices for large sample sets. Please contact us for a quote.

Particle size distribution (PSD) is determined from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The method is most suitable for small particles of 50 nm or smaller. Depending on particle shapes, the method includes calculating the diameters or lengths and widths of particles. In addition to size, TEM provides qualitative information about the surface morphology of the particles. TEM is a good option for irregularly shaped and non-spherical particles such as fibers, rods, and crystals that cannot be characterized meaningfully with traditional methods, including laser diffraction (LD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). As a result of the analysis, TEM images and the determined particle size distribution for diameter (or length and width) are delivered. Dry samples are suitable for TEM as is. If the particles are wet or dispersed in a solvent, the sample may be dried with a suitable sample preparation method before imaging.

Solvent purity assay with GC-FID and Karl Fischer techniques. Determination is performed by analyzing the sample with GC-FID and comparing the area of the solvent signal to the combined area of all peaks. The concentration of the solvent in the sample is expressed as a percentage (%). Karl Fischer titration is used to determine the amount of water in the sample.

Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) can be used to measure the composition of solid samples quantitatively at the surface as well as depth profiling. RBS is used for the analysis of heavy elements and can be combined with ToF-ERDA when lighter elements also need to be analyzed. Elements with similar mass can be difficult to differentiate.

Karl Fischer titration is a classic titration method in chemical analysis that uses coulometric or volumetric titration to determine trace amounts of water in a sample. This analysis is conducted according to ASTM D6304, EN ISO 12937, or DIN 51777 Verfahren A, with the method selected based on sample suitability. Results are reported as numerical values in mg/kg. The test is best suited for petroleum products and pyrolysis oils with a final boiling point below 390 °C, although samples with a higher boiling point can also be analyzed. Please note that aldehydes and/or ketones in the sample may cause interferences in the KF titration. If the sample material includes these substances, please notify us upon requesting an offer.

This ash content test is conducted according to ASTM D482 or EN ISO 6245, and is typically used for pyrolysis oil, fuels, crude oils, lubricating oils, waxes, and related petroleum matrices where ash-forming material is considered an undesirable impurity. In the test, the sample is ignited under controlled laboratory conditions at 775 °C, and the remaining ash residue is determined gravimetrically. Results are reported as numerical values in w%, with a typical quantification limit of 0.001 w%.  Both ASTM D482 and EN ISO 6245 are generally applicable in the approximate ash range of 0.001 to 0.180 w% for petroleum products that do not contain intentional ash-forming additives; products with such additives may require a different method. Please note that the displayed price applies to small sample sets, while larger batches and recurring orders are eligible for volume-based discounts.

Hot-stage microscopy (HSM) analysis enables the direct visualization of materials under controlled temperature conditions. Capabilities include: Examining compound morphology and particle characteristics., Observing solid-solid transformations, melting/liquefaction, solidification, sublimation, and evaporation., Monitoring how different compounds interact, dissolve, or react with each other., Tracking crystal growth and growth rates., Utilizing the Kofler mixed fusion method for salt/co-crystal screening., Observing oxidation and other chemical reactions as they occur under heat.. The results will include microscope pictures and video showing the transitions during heating. Measurement specifications: Temperature range: 25 °C to 375 °C, Humidity control: 5–90% RH. Instrument details: The instrument set-up comprises a heating stage (hot stage) with a sample holder, coupled with a polarized-light microscope and a system that allows temperature measurements and video/picture recording.

Measurlabs offers tailor-made analysis packages for unidentified samples. Our experts will formulate the needed analysis package based on the information provided by the customer. The formulated package aims to provide sufficient information to identify the sample components and their quantities. Most typically, the following methods are used to analyze unknown substances: CHNOS elemental analysis and TGA: These methods will provide information on the sample composition, mainly if the sample is organic or inorganic and if it has one or more constituents. XRD, XRF, ICP, and IC: These methods will be used to provide more detailed qualitative and quantitative information on the inorganic constituents of the sample. 1H & 13C NMR, and GC/HPLC-MS: These methods are used to identify and quantify organic constituents. Our whole analysis catalog can be used to analyze the sample if required. Please contact our experts to start building the unknown sample analysis package designed specifically for your needs. Please also note that the stated required sample amount is the preferred amount. Analysis of smaller sample quantities can also be conducted.

NMR can be used to identify the type(s) of polymer(s) in a sample by studying the unique response of their nuclei to an applied magnetic field. This technique can be used to characterize a completely unknown polymer or a blend of polymers. NMR can also be used to study the purity or contamination of a polymer sample. During polymer synthesis, compounding, or manufacturing, materials can become mixed with unwanted polymers or other organic contaminants. NMR can identify these molecules and quantify their concentration in the sample relative to the intended polymer composition. The results of the analysis include a processed spectrum, which is delivered as an image file. Additional interpretation and raw data can be provided upon request. 1H-NMR and/or 13C-NMR can be used for this analysis, depending on the sample. Solid-state measurements are also available. The price can depend on whether your samples require the use of specialized deuterated solvents or measurement conditions (i.e., high temperatures or long measurement times). Please contact Measurlabs' NMR experts for a testing plan and quote tailored to your material and analysis needs.

Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive chemical analysis technique used for the identification of chemical components in a sample. This analysis is suitable for inorganic and organic liquid samples.

Analysis for determining the content of respirable quartz and other forms of respirable crystalline silica in products and materials. The results can be used for labeling purposes and to facilitate the development of safer products. Crystalline silica/quartz is a common ingredient in building products and other materials containing or composed of stone, gravel, clay, or sand. Exposure to respirable silica for extended periods or high exposure for short periods causes silicosis and may lead to the development of lung cancer. This is why a binding limit value has been set for workplace exposure to respirable crystalline silica in EU countries. Ensuring that materials have a low quartz content is the most effective and cost-efficient way to prevent respirable quartz exposure. In EU countries, materials containing crystalline silica and other category 1 carcinogens are subject to a classification obligation, unless carcinogens are present in quantities below 0.1 % (w/w). Consequently, such products should include the warning “May cause lung cancer by inhalation” and “Causes damage to lungs”. The obligation applies to chemically modified mineral products that contain quartz. Additionally, industrial mineral producers (IMA) in the EU have decided that even non-modified mineral products should be classified based on their crystalline silica content (fine fraction), provided the content exceeds 1.0 wt.%. Please contact the expert team through the form below for more details on the analysis.

Total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay can be used when estimating the presence of PFAS precursors and intermediates by oxidizing them into stable end-products. The analysis can be combined with traditional PFAS analysis methods to obtain additional information. The following are examples of compounds that can be analyzed: Abbreviation Compound CAS number PFBA perfluorobutanoic acid 375-22-4 PFPeA perfluoropentanoic acid 2706-90-3 PFHxA perfluorohexanoic acid 307-24-4 PFHpA perfluoroheptanoic acid 375-85-9 PFOA perfluorooctanoic acid 335-67-1 PFNA perfluorononanoic acid 375-95-1 PFDA perfluorodecanoic acid 335-76-2 PFUnA; PFUdA perfluoroundecanoic acid 2058-94-8 PFDoA perfluorododecanoic acid 307-55-1 PFTrDA; PFTriA perfluorotridecanoic acid 72629-94-8 PFTeA perfluorotetradecanoic acid 376-06-7 PFHxDA perfluorohexadecanoic acid 67905-19-5 PFODA perfluorooctadecanoic acid 16517-11-6 PFBS perfluorobutanesulfonic acid 375-73-5 PFPeS perfluoropentanesulfonic acid 2706-91-4 PFHxS perfluorohexanesulfonic acid 355-46-4 PFHpS perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid 375-92-8 PFOS perfluorooctanesulfonic acid 1763-23-1 PFNS Perfluorononanesulfonic acid 68259-12-1 PFDS perfluorodecanesulfonic acid 335-77-3 PFUnDS perfluoroundecanesulfonic acid 749786-16-1 PFDoS perfluorododecanesulfonic acid 79780-39-5 HFPO-DA (Gen X) 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoic acid 13252-13-6 HFPO-TA perfluoro-2,5-dimethyl-3,6-dioxanonanoic acid 13252-14-7 DONA; ADONA 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid 919005-14-4 PFMOPrA perfluoro-3-methoxypropanoic acid 377-73-1 NFDHA perfluoro-3,6-dioxaheptanoic acid 151772-58-6 PFMOBA perfluoro-4-methoxybutanoic acid 863090-89-5 PFecHS cyclohexanesulfonic acid, 1,2,2,3,3,4,5,5,6,6-decafluoro-4-(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)-, potassium salt (1:1) 335-24-0 3:3 FTCA 2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluorohexanoic acid 356-02-5 5:3 FTCA 2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluorooctanoic acid 914637-49-3 7:3 FTCA 2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluorodecanoic acid 812-70-4 PFEESA perfluoro(2-ethoxyethane)sulfonic acid 113507-82-7 6:2 Cl-PFESA; 9Cl-PF3ONS 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonic acid 756426-58-1 8:2 Cl-PFESA; 11Cl-PF3OUdS 11-chloroeicosafluoro-3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonic acid 763051-92-9 4:2 FTSA; 4:2 FTS 4:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid 757124-72-4 6:2 FTSA; 6:2 FTS 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid 27619-97-2 8:2 FTSA; 8:2 FTS 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid 39108-34-4 FBSA perfluorobutane sulfonamide 30334-69-1 FHxSA perfluorohexanesulfonamide 41997-13-1 FOSA perfluorooctanesulfonamide 754-91-6 MeFOSA; N-MeFOSA n-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamide 31506-32-8 EtFOSA; N-EtFOSA n-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamide 4151-50-2 MeFOSE n-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoethanol 24448-09-7 EtFOSE n-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoethanol 1691-99-2 NMeFOSAA; MeFOSAA n-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid 2355-31-9 NEtFOSAA; EtFOSAA n-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid 2991-50-6 FOSAA perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid 2806-24-8 10:2 FTS 10:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid 108026-35-3 The analysis is suitable for different matrices, such as water and fire-fighting foams. Contact us for more information and a quote for analyzing your samples.

Determination of biobased carbon content in plastics and plastic additives by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) according to ISO 16620-2. The method applies to monomers, polymers, polymer resins, plasticizers, and additives containing any combination of biobased and fossil-based carbon. Results are reported as biobased carbon content (%) relative to total carbon (TC), derived from the measured percent modern carbon (pMC) value. The data can be used to support biobased carbon content declarations under ISO 16620-5. ISO 16620-2 is almost identical to the European EN 16640 standard and technically similar to ASTM D6866. All three are based on the radiocarbon (¹⁴C) method, which allows unambiguous quantification of biobased carbon content without prior knowledge of the production process. However, ASTM D6866 is broader in scope, as it applies to a wide range of solid, liquid, and gaseous matrices, while ISO 16620-2 is specific to plastics. The displayed price applies to non-volatile samples. If your sample is volatile, please discuss the testing options with our experts. Please also note that we cannot accept samples that contain artificial carbon-12, carbon-13, or carbon-14 isotopes because they will damage the equipment.

Volumetric (static) or dynamic (pulse) chemisorption analysis by CO or H2. The method is mainly used to determine catalyst activity and active sites. When coupled with TPX (temperature programmed experiments, TPO, TPR, TPD), this method can give information about adsorbed species and surface species. Chemisorption can also be conducted with other reactive gases, please contact us for more information.

Single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) can be used to obtain highly detailed information on the crystal structure of the samples, such as the arrangement of atoms, bond lengths, angles, and symmetry of the crystal lattice. The method is suitable for a variety of different materials such as metals, ceramics, organic materials, and metallo-organic complexes. The analysis can be performed on crystalline samples with a minimum crystallite size of 0.1 mm. Before analysis, we will check the sample under a microscope for a suitable crystal. Please mention which elements the sample contains and the expected crystal structure of the sample.

Determination of total acid number in pyrolysis oil, petroleum products, lubricants, oils, and related liquid samples according to ASTM D664. The sample is dissolved in a toluene/isopropyl alcohol solvent mixture, and acidic constituents are titrated potentiometrically with alcoholic base to the inflection point. Results are reported in mg KOH/g. The method requires the sample to be acidic or neutral and readily soluble in the solvent mixture. For samples better suited to alternative techniques, ISO 660 or EN 12634 can also be selected. One common application of TAN testing (together with other relevant parameters such as halogen content) is assessing pyrolysis oil quality and suitability for downstream processing, as high acidity can cause corrosion and limit storage stability. The displayed price applies to small sample sets. Larger batches and recurring orders are typically eligible for volume discounts.

Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) is a surface-sensitive technique (3-9 nm) used for compositional analysis and depth profiling, providing data on the elemental composition in depth. Secondary electron images can also be provided. AES is a very useful technique to measure patterns since it has a beam size that can go down to a few nm.

Analysis package for black liquor and pulp mill process liquids, covering the following parameters: Parameter Method Dry matter content SCAN-N 22 Carbonate SCAN-N 32 Dissolved calcium (Ca) In-house Sodium (Na) SCAN-N 38 Results are reported in mg/kg dry basis or mg/L. Please note that a sample destruction fee will be applied to smelly or otherwise hazardous samples. The displayed price applies to small sample sets; large batches are eligible for discounts.

Cryo-SEM imaging with EDX elemental mapping for fragile samples that require cryogenic preparation to withstand the SEM vacuum and electron beam. The analysis includes the following steps: Cryo-fixing of the sample., Imaging of the sample surface with a scanning electron microscope., EDX map for elemental composition.. The results will include 10–20 SEM images with annotations showing the observed features. 1–2 EDX elemental maps will also be provided, depending on the magnification.

Determination of the effects of a test substance on the growth of freshwater microalgae and cyanobacteria according to OECD Test Guideline 201 (equivalent to EU Method C.3 under Commission Regulation (EC) No. 440/2008 on REACH test methods). In the test, exponentially growing algal or cyanobacterial cultures are exposed in batch vessels to a minimum of five test concentrations, typically with three replicates per concentration, to generate a concentration–response relationship. Tests are run in nutrient-sufficient medium under continuous fluorescent illumination, with pH recorded at the start and end of the exposure. Microscopic checks are performed to verify a normal, healthy inoculum at the outset and note any morphological abnormalities at termination. Growth is quantified over time using a biomass surrogate such as cell number and/or fluorescence, from which average specific growth rate and yield are derived as the primary response variables. Chemical analysis of the test medium is recommended at the start and end of exposure, with additional intermediate sampling where concentration losses are expected; for dissolved concentration measurements, algae can be separated from the medium prior to analysis (e.g. by low-g-force centrifugation). Results are reported as concentration–response curves with ErC50 and NOEC/LOEC values calculated from average specific growth rate and yield, based on initial/nominal concentrations or exposure-based metrics such as geometric means or modelled decline where applicable. pH values and microscopic observations are included in the final report. The OECD 201 method is recognised in regulatory submissions under the EU REACH regulation as part of aquatic hazard characterization, and under the U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), where EPA may require algal toxicity testing to OPPTS 850.5400/OECD 201 for new chemical substances.

The 48-hour acute daphnid immobilisation test according to OECD 22 assesses short-term aquatic toxicity by measuring immobilisation of daphnids, usually Daphnia magna, and using those observations to derive concentration–response values. The primary reported metric is the EC50 at 48 hours, with an optional EC50 at 24 hours calculated from dose–response analysis. The protocol is the following: The test begins with neonates less than 24 hours old exposed for 48 hours to at least five concentrations plus a control, with a minimum of twenty animals per concentration typically arranged in replicate groups (for example, four replicates of five). , Immobilisation is observed and recorded at 24 and 48 hours, and the numbers or proportions immobilised at each concentration and in the control are tabulated for statistical modelling. , Test solutions are prepared by diluting the substance into acceptable test water, avoiding solvents or emulsifiers when possible. Analytical measurements of test substance concentration, dissolved oxygen, and pH are performed at the start and end of the exposure to document conditions. , The biological endpoint is direct observation of loss of swimming activity consistent with immobilisation, EC50 values are derived from dose–response modelling and are normally reported in concentration units such as mg/L.. The report includes the counts or proportions immobilised per concentration and control at each time point, the calculated EC50(s), and supporting water chemistry and analytical concentration data. The method is accepted under REACH for aquatic hazard characterization in registration dossiers submitted to ECHA, where OECD TG 202 is equivalent to EU Method C.2 under Commission Regulation (EC) No. 440/2008. Under the U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), EPA may require daphnid acute toxicity testing to OPPTS 850.1010/OECD 202 for new chemical substances expected to be acutely toxic.

Determination of acute toxic effects of chemicals on earthworms (Eisenia foetida) according to OECD Test Guideline 207. The guideline comprises two methods used in sequence: Filter paper contact test (optional initial screening): earthworms are exposed to the test substance applied to moist filter paper in sealed glass vials, kept in the dark for 48 hours, with the dose expressed in mg/cm². This test identifies potentially toxic substances and informs concentration selection for the artificial soil test., Artificial soil test: the substance is mixed into a defined artificial soil at a geometric series of at least five concentrations; earthworms are kept for 14 days and observed at 7 and 14 days, with concentrations expressed in mg/kg dry weight.. The test is applicable to water-soluble and insoluble substances, with the application technique adjusted accordingly. Death is assessed by lack of response to gentle mechanical stimulation; behavioral abnormalities and visible pathological lesions are also recorded. The report will include the following: Mortality in controls and reference treatments, analyzed by log-probability plots or probit analysis to derive the LC50 with confidence limits, Highest concentration producing no mortality and lowest causing 100% mortality, Mean live weight and number of live worms per treatment at start and end of exposure, Concentration–effect curve and the statistical method used, For artificial soil tests: initial and final pH and moisture content. In the EU, OECD TG 207 is equivalent to EU Method C.8 (artificial soil test) under Regulation (EC) No. 440/2008, and study data are accepted in REACH registration dossiers submitted to ECHA. ISO 11268-1 is a parallel standard covering the same artificial soil endpoint and is considered interchangeable in most regulatory contexts.

Assessment of the effects of a test substance on seedling emergence and early growth of higher plants according to OECD Test Guideline 208. The substance is applied to the soil surface or incorporated into the soil, using water, acetone, or ethanol as a carrier where needed; crop protection products may be spray-applied to mimic field use, and poorly soluble materials can be incorporated as weighed additions to dry soil. Seeds of at least six species from different plant families are sown in treated natural soil or artificial substrate and observed for 14 to 21 days after 50% emergence in the controls. Measured endpoints include: Percent seedling emergence, Shoot dry or fresh weight, Shoot height (where required by the regulatory authority), Visual phytotoxicity score on a uniform injury scale (chlorosis, necrosis, wilting, deformation, mortality). Analytical verification of test substance concentrations is performed where soluble formulations allow; insoluble substances are confirmed by weighed additions and, where necessary, soil homogeneity analysis. Single-rate studies report the observed level of effect or its absence. Multi-rate studies are modelled to derive ECx/ERx values (e.g., EC25/ER25, EC50/ER50) with confidence intervals and, where applicable, NOEC and LOEC. Emergence data are analysed as quantal responses using logit, probit, Weibull, or Spearman–Kärber models. OECD TG 208 is accepted for non-target plant effect assessment in EU regulatory frameworks, including REACH (where ECHA has issued guidance on its use for terrestrial plant hazard characterization) and Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009 on plant protection products (with test methods listed in Commission Communication (2023/C 344/02)). In the U.S., aligned EPA guidelines include OCSPP 850.4100 (Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth) and OCSPP 850.4230 (Early Seedling Growth Toxicity Test).

Assessment of the inhibitory effects of chemicals on activated sludge microorganisms by measuring oxygen uptake according to OECD Test Guideline 209 (equivalent to EU Method C.11 under Commission Regulation (EC) No. 440/2008). The test is applicable to water-soluble, poorly soluble, and volatile substances, with appropriate measures taken to maintain exposure concentrations for volatile compounds. Activated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant receiving predominantly domestic sewage is exposed to a geometric series of test substance concentrations together with synthetic sewage feed and dilution water for 3 hours at 20 ± 2°C and pH 7.5 ± 0.2. Oxygen uptake is measured using a dissolved oxygen electrode in a closed measurement cell. Where required, total respiration can be partitioned into: Heterotrophic respiration (carbon oxidation), Nitrification (ammonium oxidation), determined by measuring oxygen uptake with and without N-allylthiourea, a specific nitrification inhibitor. An optional shorter contact time (e.g., 30 minutes) is available for rapidly degrading or volatile compounds. Quality controls include blanks, optional abiotic controls (no inoculum), and a reference substance (typically 3,5-dichlorophenol) to confirm sludge sensitivity. Results are reported as oxygen uptake rates and percentage inhibition relative to controls. Primary endpoints are ECx values (e.g., EC50) and/or NOEC, expressed in mg/L. Results also identify non-inhibitory concentrations suitable for use in subsequent biodegradability testing. The method is accepted in REACH registration dossiers submitted to ECHA, where it fulfills the information requirement for toxicity to microorganisms. The closely related U.S. EPA guideline OPPTS 850.6800 (Modified Activated Sludge, Respiration Inhibition Test for Sparingly Soluble Chemicals) covers a modified version of the same test for poorly soluble substances.

Analysis of gaseous samples using Raman spectroscopy.

Use of 13C-NMR to identify the type and relative quantity of short-chain branching in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) samples. The prevalence of short-chain branching can have major effects on the properties of HDPE materials such as their crystallinity, melting point, density, and mechanical properties. The branching density and relative distribution of different length side chains can be determined by NMR using the Randall method. The processed spectrum is delivered as an image file. Additional interpretation and raw data can be provided upon request. Please contact Measurlabs' NMR experts to receive a testing plan tailored to your material and analysis needs. This analysis is only relevant to HDPE materials.

Determination of sulfur compounds in biogas or natural gas by an in-house GC-SCD method (gas chromatography with sulfur-selective chemiluminescence detection). Results are reported in ppm (vol) with an LOQ of 0.03 ppm for all listed compounds. The following compounds are quantified: Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), Carbonyl sulfide (OCS), Methyl mercaptan (CH₃SH), Ethyl mercaptan (C₂H₅SH), Dimethyl sulfide (Me₂S), Dimethyl disulfide (Me₂S₂), Carbon disulfide (CS₂, semi-quantitative), Total sulfur compounds, including C3+ mercaptans. Gas samples must be collected in 2 L multifoil bags, and a safety data sheet must be provided with the shipment. Prompt delivery after sampling is recommended to preserve sample integrity. If analysis is required within 48 hours of sampling, this must be agreed in advance. The displayed price applies to small sample sets; large batches and recurring orders are eligible for discounts. Please request a quote from our testing experts using the form below.

Polymer tacticity (isotactic, syndiotactic, or atactic) can be studied using differing NMR techniques suitable for different polymer types. Polypropylene (PP) is analyzed using 1H-NMR and can be combined with 2D experiments such as COSY-NMR for more precise results. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is analyzed using 13C-NMR and can be combined with 2D experiments such as HMQC-NMR or HSQC-NMR for more precise results. The processed spectra are delivered as an image file. Additional interpretation and raw data can be provided upon request. Please contact Measurlabs' NMR experts to receive a testing plan tailored to your material and analysis needs. Different NMR techniques may need to be used for these analyses based on the sample type and matrix. The price of the measurement can depend on whether your samples require the use of specialized deuterated solvents or measurement conditions (i.e. high temperatures or long measurement times).

Determination of total chlorine in gas samples using an in-house ion chromatography (IC) method. Results are reported as numerical values in mg/Nm³.  Gas samples need to be collected in 2 L multifoil bags, and the SDS must be provided with the shipment. Quick delivery to Measurlabs after sampling is recommended to maintain sample representativeness, as some analytes may escape the sampling vessel during storage. The displayed price applies to small sample sets; larger batches and recurring orders are eligible for volume discounts.