Laboratory testing services

Imaging of the sample using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX or EDS). Typically, several images are taken with varying magnifications to get a good overview of the sample. An EDX mapping, line scan, or point measurement is collected to measure the sample composition (elemental at.% or wt.%). Non-conductive samples can be prepared with a metallic coating. For cross-section measurement, additional preparation might be needed: FIB, BIB, or freeze fracturing.

Determination of microplastics in wastewater using Raman spectroscopy. The results of the analysis will specify different types of polymers by size, for example, 1–50 µm, 50–100 µm, 100–500 µm, and >500 µm. This analysis is suitable for typical wastewater samples. Please note that natural waters are handled as wastewater due to the possible presence of solid particles in the samples. For special water matrices (process water, industrial water, etc.), please contact us before ordering.

Determination of particle size distribution (PSD) by Laser Diffraction (LD). Analysis can be performed on dispersions or solids that can be dispersed in water or organic solvents. The method can analyze particle sizes from 0.010 µm to 2000 µm. The test report will include a particle size distribution graph, values for volumetric mean = D[4,3], and the following percent finers (percent finers represent the amount of the material from the sample that is smaller than a certain size): Dv(10) / D(v,0.1) / 10 % , Dv(25) / D(v,0.25) / 25 % , Dv(50) / D(v,0.5) / 50 % = median, Dv(75) / D(v,0.75) / 75 % , Dv(90) / D(v,0.9) / 90 %.

Determination of particle size distribution (PSD) by laser diffraction (LD). The analysis is performed on solid samples. The method can analyze particle sizes from ~0.4 µm to 2000 µm. The test report will include a particle size distribution graph, values for volumetric mean = D[4,3], and the following percent finers (percent finers represent the amount of the material that is smaller than a certain size): Dv(10) / D(v,0.1) / 10 %, Dv(25) / D(v,0.25) / 25 %, Dv(50) / D(v,0.5) / 50 % = median, Dv(75) / D(v,0.75) / 75 %, Dv(90) / D(v,0.9) / 90 %.

Imaging of the sample using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Typically, several images are taken with varying magnifications to get a good overview of the sample. Non-conductive samples can be prepared with a metallic coating to allow imaging. For cross-section measurement, additional preparation might be needed: FIB, BIB or freeze fracturing. If compositional analysis is also needed, please see the SEM-EDX measurement.

Determination of microplastic content in clean water samples with vibrational spectroscopy methods. The analytical report will list different types of polymers detected and their distribution by size (1 μm to 5 000 µm with µRaman and 10 µm to 5 000 µm with µFTIR). There are two options for how the analysis can be conducted: Acrredited analysis with µFTIR microscopy according to ISO/DIS 16094-2, Accredited in-house Raman microscopy method. Please let us know the preferred approach when requesting an offer or placing an order. The displayed price applies to clean drinking water or even purer grades of water only, as it does not include digestion pre-treatment. Please note that natural waters are handled as wastewater due to the possible presence of solid particles. Our experts are happy to provide a quote for the analysis of other matrices.

BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) analysis to determine the specific surface area of solid materials.

The particle size distribution (PSD) and shapes of the particles are determined using image analysis. The method is suitable for particles sized 10 to 3,000 µm. Image analysis characterizes particle shapes, such as fibers, rods, and crystals, that cannot be analyzed meaningfully with traditional devices, such as laser diffraction or dynamic light scattering. Depending on the particle shapes, results typically include size distribution for length, width, and equivalent circular area (ECA) diameter.

N2 adsorption analysis to determine specific surface area, pore size, and total pore volume of solid materials.

Particle size analysis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis is performed in conformity with the 2022 European Commission recommendation on the definition of nanomaterials (2022/C 229/01). At least 300 particles are measured, the minimum Feret diameter is chosen as the dimensional parameter, and the particle size distribution histogram is reported. By default, the following data are reported: Mean, Median (d50), Number-based nano percentage according to 2022/C 229/01 definition . Please indicate if you want any other statistics reported. These projects are priced per population of similar particles. If the qualitative SEM analysis reveals multiple populations, the price needs to be adjusted according to the number of populations to be reported. This method can be used to establish the presence of small particles including nanoparticles according to EFSA novel food guidance (Particle-TR). In this case, the following statistics are also included in the report: mean and median, 10% value of the total particles, % of the particles that are smaller than 500 nm, % of the fraction of small particles that are smaller than 250 nm. For cosmetics applications, the following statistics are provided: mean and median, 10% value of the total particles, Number-based nano percentage according to 2022/C 229/01 definition . This analysis can be coupled with XRD analysis for crystallinity information, or with VSSA analysis for specific surface area information.

Particle size distribution (PSD) is determined from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of around 150 particles. Depending on the particle shapes, the method includes calculations on the diameters or lengths and widths of the particles. In addition to size, SEM provides qualitative information about surface morphology. SEM is a good option for irregularly shaped and non-spherical particles such as fibers, rods, and crystals that cannot be characterized meaningfully with traditional methods, including laser diffraction (LD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). As a result of the analysis, SEM images and the determined particle size distribution for diameter (or one Feret dimension) are delivered. Samples must be completely dry for SEM. If the particles are wet or dispersed in a solvent, the sample may be dried with a suitable sample preparation method before imaging. Ask the method expert for more information and a price for analyzing your samples.

Measurement to determine ten common plastic types (PE, PP, PS, ABS, PVC, PET, PC, PMMA, PA6, PA66) with pyrolysis-GC/MS. In the method, microplastics are separated from the sample and reported in µg/l of individual polymer types and as a sum of all particles. Rubber particles (BR, NR, SBR) can be added to the analysis at an extra cost. This product is suitable only for clean water samples. If you need testing for other sample types, see microplastics in typical wastewater samples and soil, sediment, or sludge.

The measurement determines ten common plastic types (PE, PP, PS, ABS, PVC, PET, PC, PMMA, PA6, PA66) with pyrolysis-GC/MS. In the method, microplastics are separated from the sample and reported in µg/l of individual polymer types and as a sum of all particles. An additional analysis of rubber particles (BR, NR, SBR) can be performed at an extra cost. This product is suitable for typical turbid water samples and wastewater samples only. We also offer microplastics analysis of clean water and sediment, soil, or sludge.

Determination of particle size distribution (PSD) by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Analysis can be done from dispersions or solids that can be dispersed in water or organic solvents. The method is suitable for particle sizes from 0.4 nm to 10 µm.

Measurement to determine the powder flowability index according to the ASTM D6393 standard for bulk solids characterization. The analysis includes the measurement and calculation of the following parameters: Angle of repose, Aerated bulk density, Packed bulk density, Compressibility, Angle of spatula, Cohesiveness.

Qualitative or comparative analysis of crystalline powders using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The analysis is only suitable for materials with at least one crystalline phase.

The following analyses are included in this nanoparticle analysis package, intended to characterize nanoforms according to the REACH Regulation. Particle size distribution and aspect ratios by SEM-EDX Preparation with isopropanol, Sample dispersion on a slide, with centrifugation, SEM analysis and particle count by image analysis, Nanoparticle detection and classification according to the 2022 EC recommendation on the definition of nanomaterial, Reporting of PSD parameters for ~300 particles, including the following: PSD diagram, accumulated and individual., Feret min (min, d10, d25, d50, d75, d90, d95, max), Feret max (min, d10, d25, d50, d75, d90, d95, max), Equivalent circular diameter (min, d10, d25, d50, d75, d90, d95, max), Aspect ratio (calculated based on individual Feret min and Feret max measurements), Number based nano-fraction (%).. Crystal phase analysis by XRD/Rietveld method Sample preparation: drying, grinding, X-ray preparation, XRD analysis over an angular range extending from 10° to 90°, Identification of the crystalline phases present in the sample, Semi-quantitative analysis of phase distribution, using the Rietveld method, Interpretation of diffractograms. Chemical composition/purity by ICP-AES and CHNS analysis ICP-AES quantification of inorganic and metallic elements: Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Se, Sb, Si, Sn, Sr, V, Zn, Ti, and Tl, Determination of C, H, N, and S with an elemental analyzer. Volume-specific surface area (VSSA) and VSSA diameter calculations (optional) BET specific surface area measurement of powder by nitrogen adsorption, True (skeletal) density measurement by He pycnometry, excluding intergranular and intragranular porosity, Both analyses include sample preparation. You can request a quote for the analysis using the form below. Please note that the OECD 125 guideline does not apply to this analysis.

Test of 1 bottle at 20 °C with Malvern Spraytec to characterize particle sizes between 0.1 µm and 900 µm with a standard distance between the nozzle and the laser beam. The results are reported for 3 repeat shots. Particle size distribution histograms, percent finers (Dv10, Dv50, Dv90), and % of particles smaller than 5 µm, 10 µm, and 50 µm are reported. Providing two 100% charge spray bottles per analysis is recommended for aerosols. Contact us for a quote and more information on analyses under nonstandard conditions.

Determination of microplastics in wastewater using FTIR microspectroscopy. The results of the analysis will specify different types of polymers by size, for example, 10–50 µm, 50–100 µm, 100–500 µm, and >500 µm. This analysis is suitable for natural waters and typical wastewater samples. Please note that both of these matrices need digestion sample preparation due to the possible solid particles in the samples. For special water matrices (process water, industrial water, etc.), please contact the method expert before ordering.

Determination of volume-specific surface area (VSSA) for the identification of nanoparticles. VSSA can be calculated from the specific surface area obtained by N2 adsorption and the BET method, and the effective density obtained by He Pycnometry. The measurement is a part of the EC recommendation for the definition of nanomaterials (2022/C229/01). According to the recommendation, materials with a VSSA of < 6 m2/cm3 are not considered nanomaterials.

Determination of the zeta potential of the particle-solvent interface. Analysis can be performed on dispersions or solids that can be dispersed in water or organic solvents.

Analysis of pore size, pore volume, and porosity of a sample with the Hg intrusion porosimetry method. During the analysis, mercury is pressurized to intrude into the pores of the sample, and a volumetric measurement of the mercury that was pushed into the pores at a given pressure is used to determine the pore characteristics of the sample. This is a destructive test and samples cannot be recovered after the analysis due to the involvement of mercury.

Grain size analysis by mechanical sieving. The report includes % mass retained on different sieves. The sieves are starting from 0.63 mm.

Particle size distribution (PSD) is determined from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The method is most suitable for small particles of 50 nm or smaller. Depending on particle shapes, the method includes calculating the diameters or lengths and widths of particles. In addition to size, TEM provides qualitative information about the surface morphology of the particles. TEM is a good option for irregularly shaped and non-spherical particles such as fibers, rods, and crystals that cannot be characterized meaningfully with traditional methods, including laser diffraction (LD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). As a result of the analysis, TEM images and the determined particle size distribution for diameter (or length and width) are delivered. Dry samples are suitable for TEM as is. If the particles are wet or dispersed in a solvent, the sample may be dried with a suitable sample preparation method before imaging.

Determination of inhalable and respirable dust fractions present in indoor air. The aerodynamic diameters of the inhalable and respirable dust particles are < 100 µm and < 4 µm, respectively. The price includes a sample collector and a sample pump, which are delivered to the customer for sampling. Results are reported as mg/m³. According to the Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health's decree on Hazardous Concentrations (538/2018), the normative threshold value for inhalable dust is 10 mg/m3 on an eight-hour average concentration.

Analysis for determining the content of respirable quartz and other forms of respirable crystalline silica in products and materials. The results can be used for labeling purposes and to facilitate the development of safer products. Crystalline silica/quartz is a common ingredient in building products and other materials containing or composed of stone, gravel, clay, or sand. Exposure to respirable silica for extended periods or high exposure for short periods causes silicosis and may lead to the development of lung cancer. This is why a binding limit value has been set for workplace exposure to respirable crystalline silica in EU countries. Ensuring that materials have a low quartz content is the most effective and cost-efficient way to prevent respirable quartz exposure. In EU countries, materials containing crystalline silica and other category 1 carcinogens are subject to a classification obligation, unless carcinogens are present in quantities below 0.1 % (w/w). Consequently, such products should include the warning “May cause lung cancer by inhalation” and “Causes damage to lungs”. The obligation applies to chemically modified mineral products that contain quartz. Additionally, industrial mineral producers (IMA) in the EU have decided that even non-modified mineral products should be classified based on their crystalline silica content (fine fraction), provided the content exceeds 1.0 wt.%. Please contact the expert team through the form below for more details on the analysis.