Sulfur compounds in biogas or natural gas

Analysis of gaseous samples using Raman spectroscopy.

Determination of selected volatile organic compounds (VOC) in water using the GC-MS and GC-FID techniques. Analysis can be conducted according to the following standard methods: EPA 624, EPA 5021A, EPA 8260, EPA 8015, EN ISO 10301, ISO 11423-1, and EN ISO 15680 The results of the analysis are reported in µg/L. Analysis includes the following analytes: Analyte: Reporting limits: chloromethane 1 µg/l bromomethane 1 µg/l dichloromethane 0.1 µg/l dibromimetaani 1 µg/l bromochloromethane 2 µg/l trichloromethane (chloroform) 0.1 µg/l tribromomethane (bromoform) 0.2 µg/l bromodichloromethane 0.1 µg/l dibromochloromethane 0.1 µg/l sum 4 trihalometanit 0.5 µg/l tetrachloromethane 0.1 µg/l trichlorofluoromethane 1 µg/l dichlorodifluoromethane 1 µg/l monochloroethane 1 µg/l 1,1-dichloroethane 0.1 µg/l 1,2-dichloroethane 0.1 µg/l 1,2-dibromietaani 0.5 µg/l 1,1,1-trichloroethane 0.1 µg/l 1,1,2-trichloroethane 0.1 µg/l 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane 0.1 µg/l 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 1 µg/l vinyl chloride 0.1 µg/l 1,1-dichloroethene 0.1 µg/l cis-1,2-dichloroethene 0.1 µg/l trans-1,2-dichloroethene 0.1 µg/l amount of 1,2-dichloroethene 0.2 µg/l trichloroethylene 0.1 µg/l sum of 11 chlorinated hydrocarbons 1.1 µg/l tetrachloroethene 0.1 µg/l Sum of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene 0.2 µg/l sum 5 chlorinated ethylenes 0.5 µg/l 1,2-dichloropropane 1 µg/l 1,3-dichloropropane 1 µg/l 2,2-dichloropropane 1 µg/l 1,2,3-trichloropropane 1 µg/l 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane 1 µg/l 1,1-dichloro-1-propene 1 µg/l cis-1,3-dichloro-1-propene 1 µg/l trans-1,3-dichloropropene 1 µg/l hexachlorobutadiene 1 µg/l 2-chlorotoluene 1 µg/l 4-chlorotoluene 1 µg/l monochlorobenzene 0.1 µg/l bromobenzene 1 µg/l 1,2-dichlorobenzene 0.1 µg/l 1,3-dichlorobenzene 0.1 µg/l 1,4-dichlorobenzene 0.1 µg/l amount of 3 dichlorobenzene 0.3 µg/l 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene 0.1 µg/l 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene 0.1 µg/l 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene 0.1 µg/l amount of 3 trichlorobenzene 0.4 µg/l benzene 0.1 µg/l toluene 0.5 µg/l ethylbenzene 0.1 µg/l o-xylene 0.1 µg/l m/p-xylene 0.2 µg/l sum of xylenes 0.3 µg/l sum of BTEX 1 µg/l styrene 0.2 µg/l isopropylbenzene 1 µg/l n-propylbenzene 1 µg/l 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 1 µg/l 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 1 µg/l n-butylbenzene 1 µg/l sec-butylbenzene 1 µg/l tert-butylbenzene 1 µg/l p-isopropyltoluene 1 µg/l naphthalene 1 µg/l Diisopropyl ether (DIPE) 0.6 µg/l ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) 0.2 µg/l MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) 0.2 µg/l tert-amyl ethyl ether (TAEE) 0.2 µg/l TAME 0.2 µg/l tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) 5 µg/l ethanol 100 µg/l A customized offer can also be prepared if you are interested in analyzing only individual compounds from a sample. Suitable sample containers for analysis can be ordered through us. Sample containers picked up from Measurlabs are included in the price of the analysis, but sample containers can also be shipped to the customer for a separate fee.

With this analysis, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in a biogas sample can be quantified. Typically, the boiling range of the detected VOCs is 60-280 °C, but lighter hydrocarbons are also quantified and identified. The analysis employs a GC-MS method (typically TD-GC-MS) and utilizes external standard materials and mass-spectrum libraries to identify and quantify the compounds. The analysis results will be reported in the V-% unit. Price includes the quantification (in toluene equivalents) and identification of the 30 major peaks from the chromatogram (substances up to 280 °C boiling point). Samples must be delivered in gas sampling bags (2 liters in volume), and the safety data sheet (SDS) must be provided with the samples.

Determination of total chlorine in gas samples using an in-house ion chromatography (IC) method. Results are reported as numerical values in mg/Nm³.  Gas samples need to be collected in 2 L multifoil bags, and the SDS must be provided with the shipment. Quick delivery to Measurlabs after sampling is recommended to maintain sample representativeness, as some analytes may escape the sampling vessel during storage. The displayed price applies to small sample sets; larger batches and recurring orders are eligible for volume discounts.

Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) can be used to measure the composition of solid samples quantitatively at the surface as well as depth profiling. RBS is used for the analysis of heavy elements and can be combined with ToF-ERDA when lighter elements also need to be analyzed. Elements with similar mass can be difficult to differentiate.

Determination of perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS) in various types of chemical samples using the LC-MS technique. We offer several analysis packages that contain selected PFAS compounds. For example, the following package can be used for most chemical samples: Abbreviation Compound CAS number PFBA perfluorobutanoic acid 375-22-4 PFPeA perfluoropentanoic acid 2706-90-3 PFHxA perfluorohexanoic acid 307-24-4 PFHpA perfluoroheptanoic acid 375-85-9 PFOA perfluorooctanoic acid 335-67-1 PFNA perfluorononanoic acid 375-95-1 PFDA perfluorodecanoic acid 335-76-2 PFUnA; PFUdA perfluoroundecanoic acid 2058-94-8 PFDoA perfluorododecanoic acid 307-55-1 PFTrDA; PFTriA perfluorotridecanoic acid 72629-94-8 PFTeA perfluorotetradecanoic acid 376-06-7 PFHxDA perfluorohexadecanoic acid 67905-19-5 PFODA perfluorooctadecanoic acid 16517-11-6 PFBS perfluorobutanesulfonic acid 375-73-5 PFPeS perfluoropentanesulfonic acid 2706-91-4 PFHxS perfluorohexanesulfonic acid 355-46-4 PFHpS perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid 375-92-8 PFOS perfluorooctanesulfonic acid 1763-23-1 PFNS Perfluorononanesulfonic acid 68259-12-1 PFDS perfluorodecanesulfonic acid 335-77-3 PFUnDS perfluoroundecanesulfonic acid 749786-16-1 PFDoS perfluorododecanesulfonic acid 79780-39-5 HFPO-DA (Gen X) 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoic acid 13252-13-6 HFPO-TA perfluoro-2,5-dimethyl-3,6-dioxanonanoic acid 13252-14-7 DONA; ADONA 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid 919005-14-4 PFMOPrA perfluoro-3-methoxypropanoic acid 377-73-1 NFDHA perfluoro-3,6-dioxaheptanoic acid 151772-58-6 PFMOBA perfluoro-4-methoxybutanoic acid 863090-89-5 PFecHS cyclohexanesulfonic acid, 1,2,2,3,3,4,5,5,6,6-decafluoro-4-(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)-, potassium salt (1:1) 335-24-0 3:3 FTCA 2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluorohexanoic acid 356-02-5 5:3 FTCA 2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluorooctanoic acid 914637-49-3 7:3 FTCA 2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluorodecanoic acid 812-70-4 PFEESA perfluoro(2-ethoxyethane)sulfonic acid 113507-82-7 6:2 Cl-PFESA; 9Cl-PF3ONS 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonic acid 756426-58-1 8:2 Cl-PFESA; 11Cl-PF3OUdS 11-chloroeicosafluoro-3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonic acid 763051-92-9 4:2 FTSA; 4:2 FTS 4:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid 757124-72-4 6:2 FTSA; 6:2 FTS 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid 27619-97-2 8:2 FTSA; 8:2 FTS 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid 39108-34-4 FBSA perfluorobutane sulfonamide 30334-69-1 FHxSA perfluorohexanesulfonamide 41997-13-1 FOSA perfluorooctanesulfonamide 754-91-6 MeFOSA; N-MeFOSA n-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamide 31506-32-8 EtFOSA; N-EtFOSA n-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamide 4151-50-2 MeFOSE n-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoethanol 24448-09-7 EtFOSE n-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoethanol 1691-99-2 NMeFOSAA; MeFOSAA n-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid 2355-31-9 NEtFOSAA; EtFOSAA n-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid 2991-50-6 FOSAA perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid 2806-24-8 10:2 FTS 10:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid 108026-35-3 Target compounds and reporting limits can vary depending on the sample matrix. Typical limits of reporting vary from 1 to 50 ng/L for liquid samples and 1 to 100 μg/kg for solid samples. Contact us with a description of your samples and analysis goals, so that we can confirm method suitability and prepare a quotation.

BTEX analysis of natural gas and biogas samples with an in-house GC-MS method. The analysis includes the following substances, with results reported in the V-% unit (typical LOQs in parentheses): Benzene (10 ppm-vol), Toluene (10 ppm-vol), Ethylbenzene (10 ppm-vol), Sum of xylenes (10 ppm-vol). Please note that gas samples must be collected in multifoil bags (2 L), and the safety data sheet (SDS) must be provided with the shipment.

This metal screening analysis includes the semi-quantitative determination of 70 elements. The method can be used, for example, to determine the background concentrations of metals in environmental samples or to study the elemental distribution of unknown samples. Screening is also often performed to assess which metals should be analyzed by a quantitative method. The measurement is performed using a high-resolution ICP-MS technique (ICP-SFMS), which can identify very low elemental concentrations. A semi-quantitative determination of the following elements is included: Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, I, Ir, K, La, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, Os, P, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rb, Re, Rh, Ru, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn and Zr. However, please note that some elements may not be determinable due to matrix interference. During this semi-quantitative analysis, the instrument is calibrated for about 30 elements. The rest of the analytes are quantified using sensitivity factors for calibrated elements with similar mass and first ionization potential, considering isotope abundances. Quantitative analysis is also available at an additional price. During this analysis, all elements are calibrated (excluding halogens and Os). Please ask for an offer for this service.

XPS is a semi-quantitative technique used to measure the elemental composition of material surfaces. In addition, it can also determine the binding state of the atoms. XPS is a surface-sensitive technique. Typical probing depth is 3-9 nm, and detection limits range roughly between 0.1 and 1 atomic %. XPS can measure elements from Li to U. The elemental composition is reported in at.% and measured on 1 area of a few 100 µm. Upon request, we can measure smaller areas or depth profiles, and a binding state determination can also be provided. Measurements are typically performed using one of the following instruments: PHI Genesis, Thermo Fisher ESCALAB 250Xi, PHI Quantum 2000. Synchrotron XPS is also available. Contact us for more information and a quote for your project.

Qualitative identification of chemical groups in solid samples by Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Results will be delivered as an FTIR spectrum. In addition, a comparison to an FTIR library will be provided. The method is not quantitative, but it can be used to identify the main chemical components of the sample.