Bromine index of pyrolysis oil

This metal screening analysis includes the semi-quantitative determination of 70 elements. The method can be used, for example, to determine the background concentrations of metals in environmental samples or to study the elemental distribution of unknown samples. Screening is also often performed to assess which metals should be analyzed by a quantitative method. The measurement is performed using a high-resolution ICP-MS technique (ICP-SFMS), which can identify very low elemental concentrations. A semi-quantitative determination of the following elements is included: Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, I, Ir, K, La, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, Os, P, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rb, Re, Rh, Ru, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn and Zr. However, please note that some elements may not be determinable due to matrix interference. During this semi-quantitative analysis, the instrument is calibrated for about 30 elements. The rest of the analytes are quantified using sensitivity factors for calibrated elements with similar mass and first ionization potential, considering isotope abundances. Quantitative analysis is also available at an additional price. During this analysis, all elements are calibrated (excluding halogens and Os). Please ask for an offer for this service.

Determination of the total organic fluorine (TOF) content in combustible materials using combustion ion chromatography (CIC). By default, TOF is analyzed as total fluorine (TF). If required, total inorganic fluorine (TIF) can be measured as well, and TOF calculated as the difference between TF and TIF. TOF analysis gives information about the total amount of organic fluorinated compounds. It can also be used to evaluate the presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the material, even though individual PFAS compounds can't be analyzed with this method. The analysis is suitable for many different materials. Please describe the sample in detail when requesting an offer to help us prepare a quote quickly.

Determination of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen content of an organic sample. CHNS analysis (”LECO analysis”) is performed using a flash combustion method, where the sample is combusted under 25 kPa of O2 at an elevated temperature (1,000 °C), followed by gas chromatography separation and detection using a thermal conductivity detector. Oxygen is analyzed by reduction on granulated carbon at 1480 °C, utilizing high-temperature thermal decomposition and conversion of oxygen into carbon monoxide before gas chromatography separation and detection with a thermal conductivity detector. The sample can be either solid or liquid, but water in the sample affects the results. In the case of aqueous samples, it is possible to dry the sample before analysis. The displayed price includes the full CHNOS package with two parallel measurements and applies to conventional organic samples. The results are reported as wt-% of the initial sample. The addition of ash, drying, and dry loss measurements will increase the minimum required sample material to 300 mg. The analysis gives the total carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen content of the material, but it does not identify any chemical structures. The measurement can be combined with other methods, such as GC-MS, 1H, and 13C NMR, to perform substance structure identification. Analysis can be split into the following packages: CHN, O, and S.

Bulk density of solid biofuels, such as biochar or wood pellets. The default method is ISO 17828, but DIN 51705 can be followed upon request. The ISO method has two standard measuring containers with a volume of 5 l or 50 l, depending on the particle size of the material: small (<12 mm) with 5L volume and larger with 50L container. The test portion volume must exceed the volume of the measuring container by at least 30%.

This analysis provides quantitative information about the crystalline and amorphous phases within your sample using high-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). A standard analysis includes: Quantification of crystalline phases as weight percentages, Quantification of the total amorphous content, High-resolution powder diffraction data and the resulting diffractogram, A comprehensive test report detailing the findings. For more advanced needs, we also offer total scattering/pair distribution function (PDF) analysis to reveal the local atomic structure in amorphous or nano-structured materials. Do not hesitate to ask for a quote.

This ash content test is conducted according to ASTM D482 or EN ISO 6245, and is typically used for pyrolysis oil, fuels, crude oils, lubricating oils, waxes, and related petroleum matrices where ash-forming material is considered an undesirable impurity. In the test, the sample is ignited under controlled laboratory conditions, and the remaining ash residue is determined gravimetrically. Results are reported as numerical values in w%, with a typical quantification limit of 0.001 w%.  Both ASTM D482 and EN ISO 6245 are generally applicable in the approximate ash range of 0.001 to 0.180 w% for petroleum products that do not contain intentional ash-forming additives; products with such additives may require a different method. Please note that the displayed price applies to small sample sets, while larger batches and recurring orders are eligible for volume-based discounts.

Our δ13C stable isotope analysis determines the ratio of 13C to 12C in a given sample material by a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). Results are expressed in per mille (‰) as the deviation of the isotope ratio from a standard reference material. We have more than 30 IAEA, USGS, and in-house isotopic standards available to accommodate a wide range of expected ratios. The price and turnaround time displayed apply to conventional sample matrices. The analysis is suitable for a wide range of sample materials, including, but not limited to, those listed in the table below. All of our stable isotope analyses are conducted at ISO 17025-accredited facilities. Please contact us using the form below to arrange testing on your samples.

Determination of hydroxyl group (-OH) content in lignin samples by 31P NMR. The method is suitable for lignin that has or might have free hydroxyl groups. The lignin is dissolved in a deuterated solvent (typically CDCl3:Pyridine), and an internal standard is added to the sample. Then, the hydroxyl groups in the sample + internal standard are phosphorylated, and the mixture is analyzed using 31P NMR. The number of free hydroxyl groups can be determined from the NMR spectra by comparing the phosphorus signal of the internal standard to the phosphorus signals of the phosphorylated sample material. The following OH-groups can be quantified (in mmol/g): Aliphatic OH, Phenolic OH, Carboxylic acid , Syringyl OH, Guaiacyl OH, Catechols, p-hydroxyphenyl OH, Total OH. The price can depend on whether your samples require specialized deuterated solvents or preparation conditions (i.e., high temperature or long dissolution time).

Standard EN 590 outlines the testing requirements and methods for diesel fuel quality testing. The following tests are included in the package: Standard Parameter Requirements EN 5165 Cetane number Min. 51 EN ISO 4264 Cetane index Min. 46 EN ISO 12185 Density at 15 °C 820 - 845 kg/m3 EN 12916 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) Max. 8 m% EN ISO 20846 Sulfur content Max. 10 mg/kg EN 16576 Manganese content Max. 2.0 mg/l EN ISO 2719 Flashpoint Min 55 °C EN ISO 10370 Carbon residue Max. 0.30 m% EN ISO 6245 Ash content Max. 0.010 m% EN ISO 12937 Water content Max. 200 mg/kg EN 12662 Total contamination Max. 24 mg/kg EN ISO 2160 Copper corrosion Class 1 EN 14078 FAME content Max. 7.0 v% EN ISO 12205 Oxidation stability Max. 25 g/m3/min. 20 h EN ISO 12156-1 Lubricity at 60 °C Max. 460 µm EN ISO 3104 Viscosity at 40 °C 2000 - 4500 mm2/s ISO 3405 Distillation characteristics E250 max 65 v%, E350 min. 85 v%, T95 360 °C EN 116 Cold filter plugging point Different grades* EN ISO 23015 Cloud point Different classes** * Temperate climates: Grade A: max. +5 °C, B: max. 0 °C, C: max. -5 °C, D: max. -10 °C, E: max. -15 °C, and F: max. -20 °C. Arctic or severe winter climates: Class 0: max. -20 °C, 1: max. -26 °C, 2: max. -32 °C, 3: max. -38 °C, and 4: max. -44 °C. ** Arctic or severe winter climates: Class 0: max. -10 °C, 1: max. -16 °C, 2: max. -22 °C, 3: max. -28 °C, and 4: max. -34 °C. For individual tests and their prices, please contact us through the form below.

Analysis package methods: The following analyses are performed by an ISO 17025 accredited service provider: Moisture content - LOR 0.5%, Ash content @ 550 °C - LOR 0.1%, Gross Calorific Value Q(V/gr/d) - LOR 0.5 MJ/kg, Net Calorific Value Q(V/net/d) - LOR 0.5 MJ/kg, CHNOS - LOR 0.1%, Elements (ICP): As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl, V, Zn - LOR 0.01 - 10 mg/kg DW, Chlorine Total Cl - LOR 0.01%, Fluorine Total F - LOR 0.01%. Report: Analysis results will be reported as numerical values in respective units