Bulk density of solid biofuels

The bromine index indicates the amount of bromine-reactive unsaturated compounds in petroleum products and is used as a measure of olefinic reactivity and product stability. This analysis is primarily intended for pyrolysis oils and is performed according to DIN 51774-1, which determines bromine-reactive content by titrimetric measurement.  Results are reported in g/100 g. Samples must be liquid, homogeneous and particle-free, or easily filterable. The displayed price applies to small sample sets; larger batches and recurring orders are typically eligible for volume discounts.

Determination of gross and net calorific value in pyrolysis oil, petroleum products, and related combustible materials by bomb calorimetry according to ASTM D240, ASTM D4809, or EN ISO 18125. The sample is combusted in a calibrated bomb calorimeter, and the calorific value is calculated from the measured temperature rise. Results are reported in kJ/kg. The price includes the determination of all parameters required for gross and net calorific value calculation: C/H/N (DIN 51732 or ASTM D5291), S (ASTM D4239), ash at 815 °C (DIN 51719), moisture (DIN 51718), and calculated O content. Please disclose the number of samples when requesting an offer, as large batches and recurring orders are eligible for volume discounts.

Diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) is an additive used in diesel-powered vehicles to help the catalytic reduction of nitrous oxides. Thus, the use of AdBlue and other exhaustive fluids improves ambient air quality. DEF testing package according to ISO 22241:2019 includes the measurements listed below: Urea content (ISO 22241-2C), Density at 20 °C (EN ISO 12185) , Refractive index at 20 °C (ISO 22241-2C), Alkalinity as NH₃ (ISO 22241-2D), Biuret (ISO 22241-2E), Aldehydes (ISO 22241-2F), Insoluble matter (ISO 22241-2G), Phosphate (ISO 22241-2H), Determination of Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Ni, and Zn content (ISO 22241-2I).

Standard EN 228 outlines the testing requirements and methods for gasoline quality testing. The following tests are included in the package: Standard Parameter Requirements EN ISO 5164 RON Min. 95 EN ISO 5163 MON Min. 85 EN 237 Lead content Max. 5 mg/l EN ISO 12185 Density at 15 °C 720–775 kg/m3 EN ISO 20846 Sulfur content Max. 10 mg/kg EN 16136 Manganese content Max. 2 mg/l EN ISO 7536 Oxidation stability Min. 360 minutes EN ISO 6246 Washed gum content Max. 5 mg/100ml EN ISO 2160 Copper corrosion Class 1 ASTM D4176 Appearance Bright and clear EN ISO 22854 Hydrocarbon composition Benzene max. 1 v%, aromatics max. 35 v%, olefins max. 18 v%, oxygenates* EN 13016-1 Vapor pressure at 37.8 °C (DVPE) Depends on volatility class** EN ISO 3405 Distillation characteristics Final boiling point max. 210 °C, distillation residue max. 2 v%, evaporated volumes*** * For gasoline with max. 3.7 m% of oxygen, allowed oxygenate contents are methanol 3 v%, ethanol 10 v%, iso-propanol 12 v%, iso-butanol 15 v%, tert-butanol 15 v%, ethers with five or more carbon atoms 22 v%, and other oxygenates 15 v%. For gasoline with max. 2.7 m% of oxygen, allowed oxygenate contents are methanol 3 v% and ethanol 5 v%. ** For volatility class A: 45–60 kPa, B: 45–70 kPa, C: 50–80 kPa, D: 60–90 kPa, E: 65–95 kPa, and F: 70–100 kPa *** Percentage evaporated at 70 °C (E70): winter 22–50 v%, summer 22–48 v%, at 100 °C (E100): 46–71 v%, and at 150 °C (E150): min. 75 v%

This metal screening analysis includes the semi-quantitative determination of 70 elements. The method can be used, for example, to determine the background concentrations of metals in environmental samples or to study the elemental distribution of unknown samples. Screening is also often performed to assess which metals should be analyzed by a quantitative method. The measurement is performed using a high-resolution ICP-MS technique (ICP-SFMS), which can identify very low elemental concentrations. A semi-quantitative determination of the following elements is included: Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, I, Ir, K, La, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, Os, P, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rb, Re, Rh, Ru, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn and Zr. However, please note that some elements may not be determinable due to matrix interference. During this semi-quantitative analysis, the instrument is calibrated for about 30 elements. The rest of the analytes are quantified using sensitivity factors for calibrated elements with similar mass and first ionization potential, considering isotope abundances. Quantitative analysis is also available at an additional price. During this analysis, all elements are calibrated (excluding halogens and Os). Please ask for an offer for this service.

The molar mass distribution of biomass samples soluble in pure water or organic solvents (DMF, DMSO, and THF) is measured using size exclusion chromatography with a refractive index detector (SEC-RID). The system is calibrated with polystyrene and dextran standards. A Pullulan standard is also available upon request. In the case of lignin samples, molar mass distribution is analyzed using SEC coupled with an ultraviolet detector at 256 nm wavelength. The lignin is dissolved in a suitable solvent before analysis, and the SEC system is calibrated with a polystyrene sulfonate standard. A borate buffer is used to set the pH for the eluent. The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) and number-average molecular weight (Mn) are reported. For absolute molecular weight, a GPC system coupled with a multi-angle light scattering (MALS) detector can be used. The mobile phase for this system is THF. An additional cost applies to this method.

Determination of the total organic fluorine (TOF) content in combustible materials using combustion ion chromatography (CIC). By default, TOF is analyzed as total fluorine (TF). If required, total inorganic fluorine (TIF) can be measured as well, and TOF calculated as the difference between TF and TIF. TOF analysis gives information about the total amount of organic fluorinated compounds. It can also be used to evaluate the presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the material, even though individual PFAS compounds can't be analyzed with this method. The analysis is suitable for many different materials. Please describe the sample in detail when requesting an offer to help us prepare a quote quickly.

Determination of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen content of an organic sample. CHNS analysis (”LECO analysis”) is performed using a flash combustion method, where the sample is combusted under 25 kPa of O2 at an elevated temperature (1,000 °C), followed by gas chromatography separation and detection using a thermal conductivity detector. Oxygen is analyzed by reduction on granulated carbon at 1480 °C, utilizing high-temperature thermal decomposition and conversion of oxygen into carbon monoxide before gas chromatography separation and detection with a thermal conductivity detector. The sample can be either solid or liquid, but water in the sample affects the results. In the case of aqueous samples, it is possible to dry the sample before analysis. The displayed price includes the full CHNOS package with two parallel measurements and applies to conventional organic samples. The results are reported as wt-% of the initial sample. The addition of ash, drying, and dry loss measurements will increase the minimum required sample material to 300 mg. The analysis gives the total carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen content of the material, but it does not identify any chemical structures. The measurement can be combined with other methods, such as GC-MS, 1H, and 13C NMR, to perform substance structure identification. Analysis can be split into the following packages: CHN, O, and S.

Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid generates sufficient vapour to ignite under defined test conditions. It is widely used in hazard communication frameworks because regulatory classification of flammable liquids is based on measured flash point thresholds. Measurlabs offers flash point testing for pyrolysis oil and other petroleum products according to ASTM D93 or EN ISO 3679, depending on the expected flash point of the sample. The application range of ASTM D93 is approximately 40 to 300 °C, while EN ISO 3679 covers approximately -25 to 130 °C.  ASTM D93 is a Pensky-Martens closed cup method commonly used for petroleum products and other liquids, while EN ISO 3679 is a closed cup rapid equilibrium procedure suited to lower flash point materials. Results are reported as a numerical flash point value in °C. To request an offer, please disclose the precise sample matrix and the expected flash point range to enable standard selection. The displayed price applies to small sample sets; larger batches and recurring orders are eligible for discounted pricing.

Analysis conducted according to EN ISO 12185 to determine the density of liquid petroleum-related samples using a laboratory density meter with an oscillating U-tube sensor. ASTM D4052 is available as an alternative method standard. The measurement is suitable for single-phase liquids in the range of 600–1100 kg/m³, including petroleum products, pyrolysis oils, diesel exhaust fluid, vegetable oils, and lubricant oils, provided the sample is liquid, particle-free, homogeneous, or easily filterable. The measurement can be conducted at different temperatures (e.g., 15, 20, or 25 °C). Gasoline and diesel fuel densities, for example, are determined at 15 °C according to the EN 228 and EN 590 standards, respectively. Results are reported as numerical density values in kg/m³ at the selected analysis temperature. To request a quote, please describe your sample matrix, required test temperature, and any applicable specification limits. The displayed price applies to small sample sets, while larger batches and recurring orders are typically eligible for discounted pricing.