Lignin content of biomass

During this biomass carbohydrate analysis, the sample is first hydrolyzed, after which the acid-insoluble fraction is filtered, and monomeric sugars are analyzed with anion exchange liquid chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography, depending on the standard. Monomeric sugars included in the analysis are glucose, mannose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. Results are given as anhydro-sugars, and hydrolysis loss is not taken into account. The reporting unit is g/kg or % dry content.

This biomass composition analysis includes the following determinations: Carbohydrate content, Lignin content , Degradation products. During the analysis, the biomass sample is hydrolyzed to break the carbohydrates into detectable monomeric sugars. These are analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The acid-insoluble residue is filtered out, and its ash content is determined to measure the amount of Klason lignin. Acid-soluble lignin is determined from the hydrolysate using a UV-spectrophotometer. Organic acids and furans can also be quantified upon request. Please let us know which compositional parameters you wish to be included in the report when requesting an offer for the analysis. The carbohydrate content and degradation products can be analysed from liquid biomass samples as well.

Quantification of monoterpenes and related terpene compounds in liquid biomass samples by an in-house GC-MS method. The typical LOQ is approximately 10 mg/kg per compound, depending on the exact sample matrix. The following compounds are quantified: α-Pinene, Camphene, β-Pinene, 3-Carene, α-Terpinene, D-Limonene, p-Cymene, γ-Terpinene, Terpinolene, Linalool, L-(−)-Fenchone, Fenchol, Isoborneol, DL-Menthol, (+)-Borneol, Camphor, (−)-α-Terpineol, (±)-β-Citronellol, (R)-(+)-Pulegone, α-Cedrene, trans-Caryophyllene, Geraniol, α-Humulene, Nerolidol, (+)-Cedrol, β-Eudesmol, α-Bisabolol, Phytol, Myrcene, Terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-Cineole. The displayed price applies to small sample sets; larger batches and recurring orders are eligible for volume discounts.

This metal screening analysis includes the semi-quantitative determination of 70 elements. The method can be used, for example, to determine the background concentrations of metals in environmental samples or to study the elemental distribution of unknown samples. Screening is also often performed to assess which metals should be analyzed by a quantitative method. The measurement is performed using a high-resolution ICP-MS technique (ICP-SFMS), which can identify very low elemental concentrations. A semi-quantitative determination of the following elements is included: Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, I, Ir, K, La, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, Os, P, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rb, Re, Rh, Ru, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn and Zr. However, please note that some elements may not be determinable due to matrix interference. During this semi-quantitative analysis, the instrument is calibrated for about 30 elements. The rest of the analytes are quantified using sensitivity factors for calibrated elements with similar mass and first ionization potential, considering isotope abundances. Quantitative analysis is also available at an additional price. During this analysis, all elements are calibrated (excluding halogens and Os). Please ask for an offer for this service.

The Herzberg staining test by the ISO 9184-3 standard is used to determine the main fiber content of paper and board. In the test, a saturated solution of zinc chloride, iodine, and potassium iodide is used to color the paper. The solution affects fibers differently and enables the qualitative and quantitative analysis of mechanical, rag, chemical, and semi-chemical pulps, regenerated cellulose fibers, and synthetic fibers in paper and board.

Stable isotope analysis of the elements in solid samples with isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Measurable isotopes given below: Isotope ratio Description δ13C Ratio of 13C to 12C δ2H (δD) Ratio of 2H to 1H (deuterium to protium) δ15N Ratio of 15N to 14N δ18O Ratio of 18O to 16O δ34S Ratio of 34S to 32S The results are reported as per mille (‰) deviations of the ratio of the heavy and light isotopes for the given element in comparison to a standard reference material. We have more than 30 IAEA, USGS, and in-house isotopic standards available to accommodate a wide range of expected ratios. Samples should be non-hazardous, dry, thermally decomposable and homogenous. The minimum sample count is 50 per batch. The price and turnaround time displayed apply to conventional sample matrices. The analysis is suitable for a wide range of materials, including, but not limited to, soils, plants, and insect tissue. All of our stable isotope analyses are conducted by ISO 17025-accredited facilities.

Determination of the total organic fluorine (TOF) content in combustible materials using combustion ion chromatography (CIC). By default, TOF is analyzed as total fluorine (TF). If required, total inorganic fluorine (TIF) can be measured as well, and TOF calculated as the difference between TF and TIF. TOF analysis gives information about the total amount of organic fluorinated compounds. It can also be used to evaluate the presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the material, even though individual PFAS compounds can't be analyzed with this method. The analysis is suitable for many different materials. Please describe the sample in detail when requesting an offer to help us prepare a quote quickly.

Determination of free monomeric sugars in liquid biomass samples by in-house HPLC method with refractive index detection. The following sugars are quantified: glucose, mannose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. Results are reported in mg/ml. Organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid, levulinic acid) and furans (furfural, 5-HMF, 5-MF) can be included in the analysis upon request. Please indicate which parameters you would like reported when requesting an offer. Solid particles are removed by filtration prior to analysis, where needed. The lower displayed price applies to free sugar analysis only, while the higher one also includes organic acids.

Gravimetric determination of extractives content in solid biomass. Non-volatile extractives soluble in organic solvents (acetone, n-heptane, ethanol) can be quantified. Other solvents can also be used upon request. The analysis can be performed according to standard ISO 14453 (acetone) or TAPPI T204 (other solvents). The extractives content is reported as %.

Determination of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen content of an organic sample. CHNS analysis (”LECO analysis”) is performed using a flash combustion method, where the sample is combusted under 25 kPa of O2 at an elevated temperature (1,000 °C), followed by gas chromatography separation and detection using a thermal conductivity detector. Oxygen is analyzed by reduction on granulated carbon at 1480 °C, utilizing high-temperature thermal decomposition and conversion of oxygen into carbon monoxide before gas chromatography separation and detection with a thermal conductivity detector. The sample can be either solid or liquid, but water in the sample affects the results. In the case of aqueous samples, it is possible to dry the sample before analysis. The displayed price includes the full CHNOS package with two parallel measurements and applies to conventional organic samples. The results are reported as wt-% of the initial sample. The addition of ash, drying, and dry loss measurements will increase the minimum required sample material to 300 mg. The analysis gives the total carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen content of the material, but it does not identify any chemical structures. The measurement can be combined with other methods, such as GC-MS, 1H, and 13C NMR, to perform substance structure identification. Analysis can be split into the following packages: CHN, O, and S.