Gross calorific value of petroleum products

Bulk density of solid biofuels, such as biochar or wood pellets. The default method is ISO 17828, but DIN 51705 can be followed upon request. The ISO method has two standard measuring containers with a volume of 5 l or 50 l, depending on the particle size of the material: small (<12 mm) with 5L volume and larger with 50L container. The test portion volume must exceed the volume of the measuring container by at least 30%.

The bromine index indicates the amount of bromine-reactive unsaturated compounds in petroleum products and is used as a measure of olefinic reactivity and product stability. This analysis is primarily intended for pyrolysis oils and is performed according to DIN 51774-1, which determines bromine-reactive content by titrimetric measurement.  Results are reported in g/100 g. Samples must be liquid, homogeneous and particle-free, or easily filterable. The displayed price applies to small sample sets; larger batches and recurring orders are typically eligible for volume discounts.

Thermogravimetric proximate analysis of biochar or biocoke samples using TGA in accordance with ASTM D7582. Testing is commonly required when biochar is used to replace fossil coal as a fuel or reducing agent, for example in steel or iron production. The analysis determines the following basic quality parameters: Moisture content , Ash content, Volatile matter content, Fixed carbon content. Results for parameters other than moisture are reported as percentages (%) on a dry matter basis. Moisture content is typically measured at 120 °C, and ash and volatiles content at 950 °C, but these temperatures can be adjusted if required. Upon request, equivalent furnace-based methods (DIN 51719, DIN 51720, and DIN 51734, or EN ISO 18123 and EN ISO 18122) can be used to determine the same parameters. In addition to this basic analysis package, we offer a broad range of additional biochar analyses, including calorific value, biobased carbon content (ASTM D6866), bulk chemical composition (CHNOS), physical characterization, elemental impurity, and organic contaminant analyses (PAHs, dioxins and furans, etc.). Contact us for more information.

Diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) is an additive used in diesel-powered vehicles to help the catalytic reduction of nitrous oxides. Thus, the use of AdBlue and other exhaustive fluids improves ambient air quality. DEF testing package according to ISO 22241:2019 includes the measurements listed below: Urea content (ISO 22241-2C), Density at 20 °C (EN ISO 12185) , Refractive index at 20 °C (ISO 22241-2C), Alkalinity as NH₃ (ISO 22241-2D), Biuret (ISO 22241-2E), Aldehydes (ISO 22241-2F), Insoluble matter (ISO 22241-2G), Phosphate (ISO 22241-2H), Determination of Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Ni, and Zn content (ISO 22241-2I).

A dilatometer is used to determine the linear thermal expansion of a material as a function of temperature. The temperature range of the measurement is generally between 25 °C and 1,600 °C. There is also an option to perform the test in a cryogenic atmosphere, which ranges from -175 °C to 300 °C. The typical heating rate is 3 °C/min. As a result of the measurement, you will get the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the absolute change in sample length, both as a function of temperature. The testing can be performed in various atmospheres, including air, argon, CO₂, N₂, and O₂. Please contact us to get a quote. The price will depend on the testing conditions, so please specify them as precisely as possible.

Standard EN 228 outlines the testing requirements and methods for gasoline quality testing. The following tests are included in the package: Standard Parameter Requirements EN ISO 5164 RON Min. 95 EN ISO 5163 MON Min. 85 EN 237 Lead content Max. 5 mg/l EN ISO 12185 Density at 15 °C 720–775 kg/m3 EN ISO 20846 Sulfur content Max. 10 mg/kg EN 16136 Manganese content Max. 2 mg/l EN ISO 7536 Oxidation stability Min. 360 minutes EN ISO 6246 Washed gum content Max. 5 mg/100ml EN ISO 2160 Copper corrosion Class 1 ASTM D4176 Appearance Bright and clear EN ISO 22854 Hydrocarbon composition Benzene max. 1 v%, aromatics max. 35 v%, olefins max. 18 v%, oxygenates* EN 13016-1 Vapor pressure at 37.8 °C (DVPE) Depends on volatility class** EN ISO 3405 Distillation characteristics Final boiling point max. 210 °C, distillation residue max. 2 v%, evaporated volumes*** * For gasoline with max. 3.7 m% of oxygen, allowed oxygenate contents are methanol 3 v%, ethanol 10 v%, iso-propanol 12 v%, iso-butanol 15 v%, tert-butanol 15 v%, ethers with five or more carbon atoms 22 v%, and other oxygenates 15 v%. For gasoline with max. 2.7 m% of oxygen, allowed oxygenate contents are methanol 3 v% and ethanol 5 v%. ** For volatility class A: 45–60 kPa, B: 45–70 kPa, C: 50–80 kPa, D: 60–90 kPa, E: 65–95 kPa, and F: 70–100 kPa *** Percentage evaporated at 70 °C (E70): winter 22–50 v%, summer 22–48 v%, at 100 °C (E100): 46–71 v%, and at 150 °C (E150): min. 75 v%

This metal screening analysis includes the semi-quantitative determination of 70 elements. The method can be used, for example, to determine the background concentrations of metals in environmental samples or to study the elemental distribution of unknown samples. Screening is also often performed to assess which metals should be analyzed by a quantitative method. The measurement is performed using a high-resolution ICP-MS technique (ICP-SFMS), which can identify very low elemental concentrations. A semi-quantitative determination of the following elements is included: Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, I, Ir, K, La, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, Os, P, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rb, Re, Rh, Ru, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn and Zr. However, please note that some elements may not be determinable due to matrix interference. During this semi-quantitative analysis, the instrument is calibrated for about 30 elements. The rest of the analytes are quantified using sensitivity factors for calibrated elements with similar mass and first ionization potential, considering isotope abundances. Quantitative analysis is also available at an additional price. During this analysis, all elements are calibrated (excluding halogens and Os). Please ask for an offer for this service.

The molar mass distribution of biomass samples soluble in pure water or organic solvents (DMF, DMSO, and THF) is measured with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with a refractive index detector (SEC-RID). The system is calibrated with polystyrene and dextran standards. A Pullulan standard is also available upon request. In the case of lignin samples, molar mass distribution is analyzed using SEC coupled with a Ultraviolet detector at 256 nm wavelength. The lignin is dissolved in a suitable solvent before analysis. The SEC system is calibrated with a polystyrene sulfonate standard. A borate buffer is used to set the pH for the eluent. The weight-average molecular weight and number-average molecular weight are reported. For absolute molecular weight, GPC system coupled with MALS detector can be used. The mobile phase for this system is THF. An additional cost applies to this method.

Determination of the total organic fluorine (TOF) content in combustible materials using combustion ion chromatography (CIC). By default, TOF is analyzed as total fluorine (TF). If required, total inorganic fluorine (TIF) can be measured as well, and TOF calculated as the difference between TF and TIF. TOF analysis gives information about the total amount of organic fluorinated compounds. It can also be used to evaluate the presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the material, even though individual PFAS compounds can't be analyzed with this method. The analysis is suitable for many different materials. Please describe the sample in detail when requesting an offer to help us prepare a quote quickly.

Determination of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen content of an organic sample. CHNS analysis (”LECO analysis”) is performed using a flash combustion method, where the sample is combusted under 25 kPa of O2 at an elevated temperature (1,000 °C), followed by gas chromatography separation and detection using a thermal conductivity detector. Oxygen is analyzed by reduction on granulated carbon at 1480 °C, utilizing high-temperature thermal decomposition and conversion of oxygen into carbon monoxide before gas chromatography separation and detection with a thermal conductivity detector. The sample can be either solid or liquid, but water in the sample affects the results. In the case of aqueous samples, it is possible to dry the sample before analysis. The displayed price includes the full CHNOS package with two parallel measurements and applies to conventional organic samples. The results are reported as wt-% of the initial sample. The addition of ash, drying, and dry loss measurements will increase the minimum required sample material to 300 mg. The analysis gives the total carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen content of the material, but it does not identify any chemical structures. The measurement can be combined with other methods, such as GC-MS, 1H, and 13C NMR, to perform substance structure identification. Analysis can be split into the following packages: CHN, O, and S.