Kalle Niiranen

Imaging of liposome powders or dispersions with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The analysis can be used to prove that liposome particles used in cosmetic, food, and supplement applications have the characteristic spherical bilayer structure. Sample preparation can be performed using either one of the following techniques:  Negative staining using a custom protocol specifically designed to minimize damage to fragile liposome particles. This is preferred if the concentration of particles is low or unknown. , Cryo preparation (plunge freezing), which is even less likely to damage the particles, but requires them to be present in higher concentrations.. The results of the analysis will include TEM images taken at several different magnifications. If feasible, the results will also include a statement on particle structure that distinguishes between a liposome and a lipid nanoparticle, along with an estimated particle concentration based on the average number of particles in the imaged area.